1848 (70 page)

Azeglio, Massimo'

 

Bach, Alexander

Baden

Bakunin, Mikhail

Balbo, Cesare

Bamberger, Ludwig

Banat

Banat Romanians

banquet campaign

Barbès, Armand

Barnutiu, Simion

barricades

Barrot, Odilon: and Bonaparte; government; revolution

Basic Rights (Grundrechte)

Bassi, Ugo

Bastide, Jules

Batthyány, Lajos: April Laws; counter-revolution; death; and Jelacic; prime minister; and Stephen

Bavaria

Belgiojoso, Cristina di 153

Belgium

Bem, Józef

Berlin: counter-revolution; demonstrations; insurrection; parliament; poverty; revolution

Berlin Central Committee

Bibescu, Gheorgiu

Biedermann, Karl

Bismarck, Otto von: armed forces; attitude to imperial crown; career; conservatism; and Frederick William; newspapers; revolution

Blanc, Louis

Blanqui, Louis-Auguste; career; demonstration; on revolutions; Society of Seasons

Blum, Robert: Dresden; Frankfurt crisis; German unification; Vienna

Bocquet, Louis

Bohemia

Bologna

Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon; and Barrot; conservatives; coup; crowned Napoleon :; government; Italy

Bonaparte, Napoleon
see
Napoleon Bonaparte

Bonapartism

Born, Stephan

bourgeoisie
see
middle classes

Brandenburg, von

Bréa, Jean de

Bredy, Hugo von

Britain

Brunetti, Angelo
see
Ciceruacchio

Brunetti, Luigi

Bucharest

Buda Castle

Budapest

Bugeaud, Thomas

Bund
see
German Confederation

 

Calabria

Camp, Maxime du

campaign for the constitution

Camphausen, Ludolf

capitalism

Capponi, Gino

Carbonari

Carbonelli, Vincenzo

Casati, Gabriel

Catania

Cattaneo, Carlo: Garibaldi's volunteers; Hungarian Diet; Milan revolution

Caussidière, Marc

Cavaignac, Louis Eugène: Alsace; call for provincial help; executive power; Italy; Paris; president

Cavedalis, Giovanni

Cavour, Camillo di 353

Central Europe

Central March Association

Cernuschi, Enrico

Changarnier, General

Charbonnerie

Charles:

Charles Albert: ambitions; constitution; and Mazzini; Milan revolution; war against Austria

Charter of 1814:

Chartists

Château'Eau, Paris

cholera

Christian:

Church, Italy

Ciceruacchio (Angelo Brunetti)

Circourt, Adolphe de

citizens' militias
see
militias

civic nationalism

civic pride

civil liberty

civil rights

civil society

class conflict

clubs

Cologne

Cologne Democratic Society

Cologne Workers' Association

Colomb, von, General

Committee of Fifty

communism, opposition to

Communist League

Communist Manifesto, The
(Marx and Engels)

Congress of Vienna (1815)

conservative order: authoritarian governments; countryside; dissatisfaction with; dominance; Metternich; social reform; weakness of

conservatives: France; Germany; political initiative; Prussia; social fear

Constitutional Club

constitutionalism

constitutions: Austria; Belgium; Denmark; France; Germany; Italy; political polarisation; Prussia

Cornuda

countryside: conservative order; France; poverty; unrest; Western Europe

craft workers,
see also
artisans

Crémieux, Adolphe

Croatia

Croats

cultural national identity
see
ethnic nationalism

culture brokers

Custozza

Czartoryski, Adam

Czechs: Bohemia; Germans; industrialisation; nationalism; revolution; workers,
see also
Prague

 

Dahlmann, Friedrich Deák, Ferenc

Debrecen

Decembrist uprising

démoc-socs
(democratic socialists): countryside; elections; electoral campaign; leaders; petitioning campaign; republican left; strength gained; uprising

democracies, modern

democrats
see
radicals

Denmark

Déroin, Jeanne

Deym, Friedrich von

Di Lana, Testa

Doblhoff-Dier, Anton

Dostoevskii, Fedor

Dresden

Durando, Giacomo

Duveau, Georges

 

Eastern Europe

Ebert, Friedrich

economic growth

economic pressures

education

elections

electoral law

Engels, Friedrich

ethnic conflict: Banat; Magyars; nationalism; social divisions; Transylvania; Voivodina

ethnic minorities

ethnic nationalism

European conflict, avoidance of

European international system

Eyck, Frank

 

Fascist counter-revolution

Faud Pasha

fear, social

Ferdinand (Emperor of Habsburg Empire)

Ferdinand:

Ferdinand: armed forces; counter-revolution; Sicily; war against Austria

Ferdinand:

Ficquelmont, Count

fighting: Berlin; Messina; Milan; Naples; Paris; Prague; Vienna; women

Fischhof, Adolf

Florence

foreign workers

‘forty-five centimes' tax

France: 1830s revolutions; Alsace; budget crisis; conservatives; constitution; constitutional monarchy; counter-revolution; countryside; elections; electoral law; European conflict, avoidance of; foreign policy; Hungary; industrialisation; Italy; July Monarchy; middle classes; militias; nationalism; peasants; political divisions; population pressure on land; president; provinces; referendum; republicans; revolutionary tradition; Second Republic; Third Republic; unemployment,
see also
Paris

franchise: Bohemia/Moravia; Britain; France; Germany; Hungary; Jews; Romanians

Frankfurt

Franz Joseph: emperor; Hübner on; and Kübeck; and Nicholas:; Stiles on

Frederick:

Frederick Augustus:

Frederick William: absolute monarchy; and Bismarck; and Brandenburg; constitution; counter-revolution 290; Denmark; imperial crown rejected; Poland; revolution; Russia; United Diet; and Wrangel

French Revolution of 1789:

Fröbel, Julius

Fuller, Margaret

Füster, Anton

 

Gagern, Friedrich von

Gagern, Heinrich von

Gaj, Ljudevit

Galicia: Polish nationalism; serfdom; Ukrainians

Galletti, Giuseppe

Garibaldi, Giuseppe: and Charles Albert; death sentence (
in absentia
); exile; Italian unification; memoirs; Rome; South America; Tuscany; volunteers

Garibaldini

Garnier-Pagès, Louis-Antoine

Gavazzi, Alessandro

General German Workers' Fraternity

Genoa

Gerlach, Ernst von

Gerlach, Leopold von

German Confederation

Germans, Habsburg Empire

Germany: armed forces; Austria; boundaries; conservatives; constitutions; Denmark; form of state; government; industrialisation; Jews; labour movement; legacy of 1848:; liberals; minority peoples; nationalism; parliament; peasants; Poland; religion; republicans; revolution;
Sonderweg
; unification; workers; working-class,
see also
Frankfurt

Gioberti, Vincenzo

Girardin, Émile

Glasgow

Goito

Golescu, Dimitrie (‘the Black')

Görgey, Arthur: Buda Castle; career; and Kossuth; politics; surrender terms; and Windischgrätz

Gottschalk, Andreas

Graziani, Leone

Greater German (
Grossdeutsch
) solution

Greece

Grossdeutsch
(Greater German) solution

Grundrechte (Basic Rights)

Guerrazzi, Francesco

Guizot, François

 

Habsburg dynasty

Habsburg Empire; Austria-Hungary 401; concessions; counter-revolution; German unification; government; Hungary; industrialisation; Jews; Kossuth on; Metternich; national minorities; nationalism; peasantry; Radetzky; revolution; Schwarzenberg,
see also
Austria; Hungary; Lombardy; Venetia; Vienna

harvest failures

Havel, Václav

Havlícek, Karel

Haxthausen, A. von

Haynau, Ludwig

Hecker, Friedrich

Heidelberg Assembly

Held, Friedrich

Herwegh, Emma

Herwegh, Georg

Herzen, Alexander: disillusionment; dream; and Mazzini; Paris; on Pius:; Prussia; Rome; Russia; social order

Holstein

Hrabovszky, János

Huber, Aloysius

Hübner, Alexander von

Hübner, Joseph von: Milan; Radetzky; Vienna

Hugo, Victor

Hungary: counter-revolution; Croatia; government; Habsburg Empire; independence; Jews; leadership; liberals; Magyars; memory of 1848:; Military Frontier; national minorities; nationalism; parliament; peasants; radicalism; revolution; Russia; Turks; Venice; Vienna; war on Austria; War of Independence; workers,
see also
Budapest; Habsburg Empire; Romanians

‘hungry forties'

 

individual liberty

industrialisation

insurgents

intellectuals

Ireland

Irinyi, József

Irish League

Islaz Constitution

Italian Club

Italian National Association

Italian unification: development of idea; dynastic interests; European international system; Fascist counter-revolution; fragmentation of; Garibaldi; Piedmont

Italy: Austria
see
Austrians in Italy; constitutions; Fascist counter-revolution; Mazzini; nationalism; northern; peasants; Piedmontese annexation; pope; republicans; revolutions,
see also individual cities
;
individual states
; Italian unification

Itzstein, Adam von

 

Jacoby, Johann

Jelacic, Josip; and Batthyány; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Military Border; removed; Serbs; Vienna

Jewish emancipation

John, Archduke

Jones, Ernest

Jordan, Wilhelm

July Monarchy

June insurrection: Paris

Karlsbad Decrees

Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

Kinkel, Gottfried

Kleindeutsch
(Smaller German) solution

Koch-Gontard, Clotilde

Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky, Anton

Konrád, György

Kossuth, Lajos: career; counter-revolution; Croatian liberalism; and Görgey; governor-president; Hungarian independence; Hungarian nationalism; Jews; peasants; petition; Russia; speech; as symbol; tried
in absentia
; Vienna

Kraków

Kübeck, Karl von

Kudlich, Hans

Kulmer, Franz

Kuranda, Ignaz

 

labour commission

labour movement

Lamartine, Alphonse de: banquets; and Bonaparte; demonstration; foreign policy; president; provisional government

Lamberg, Ferenc

Lamennais, Félicité Robert de

landlords

Latour, Theodor

Lederer, Ignaz

Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre: anti-slavery; June insurrection; leader; president; provisional government;
La Réforme
; uprising

Legitimists

Leiningen, Karl von

Leiningen-Westerburg, Karl

Leopold of Tuscany

l'Eure, Jacques-Charles Dupont

Lewald, Fanny

liberalism

liberals: achievements defended; aims; Austria; Germany; Hungary; organisations; political polarisation; revolution; social fear; workers

liberty, individual

Lichnowsky, Felix

Liebknecht, Wilhelm

Limoges

literacy

Livorno

Lombardy: Habsburg Empire; Milan; peasants; Piedmont; provisional government; republicans; revolution

London

Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte
see
Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon

Louis-Philippe: abdication; accession; appearance; assassination attempts; Charter; Orléans dynasty; revolution

Ludwig (King of Bavaria)

Luxembourg Commission

‘lyrical illusion'

 

Magyars: counter-revolution; ethnic conflict; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; nationalism; Transylvania; Vienna

Mamiani, Terenzio

Manara, Luciano

Manin, Daniele: arrest; Italian Club; militia; peasants; provisional government; Venetia; Venice

Marinovich, Captain

Martin, Alexandre (‘Albert')

Martini, Admiral

Martini, Enrico