Been in the Storm So Long (123 page)

125.
Botume,
First Days Amongst the Contrabands
, 138–39, 140;
New York Times
, Dec. 12, 1862; Perdue et al. (eds.),
Weevils in the Wheat
, 64; Rose,
Rehearsal for Reconstruction
, 110. See also Ravenel,
Private Journal
, 115–16.

126.
Higginson,
Army Life in a Black Regiment
, 247; Thompson,
An Englishman in the American Civil War
, 104; Ray Allen Billington (ed.),
The Journal of Charlotte L. Forten
(New York, 1953), 160.

127.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, V: Texas Narr. (Part 3), 83; Aptheker,
American Negro Slave Revolts
, 360–61.

128.
John Eaton,
Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen: Reminiscences of the Civil War
(New York, 1907; repr. 1969), 2; Emily Caroline Douglas, Ms. Autobiography, c. 1904, [167–68], Louisiana State Univ.;
New York Times
, Dec. 18, 1861. See also Blassingame (ed.),
Slave Testimony
, 173–74, 359.

129.
Swint (ed.),
Dear Ones at Home
, 42;
New York Times
, June 16, 1861, Jan. 14, April 6, Dec. 16, 1862. See also Blassingame (ed.),
Slave Testimony
, 699–702, and Albert,
House of Bondage
, 114–15.

130.
Towne,
Letters and Diary
, 24;
Letters from Joseph Simpson
, 26; P. J. Staudenraus (ed.), “A War Correspondent’s View of St. Augustine and Fernandina: 1863,”
Florida Historical Quarterly
, XLI (July 1962), 64; Julius Lester,
To Be a Slave
(New York, 1968), 29. See also Armstrong and Ludlow,
Hampton and Its Students
, 110–11; Haviland,
A Woman’s Life-Work
, 268; Botume,
First Days Amongst the Contrabands
, 139; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 1), 169; XVIII: Unwritten History, 173.

131.
New York Times
, Dec. 18, 1861; Higginson,
Army Life in a Black Regiment
, 174; Albert,
House of Bondage
, 134–35.

132.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 450;
Douglass’ Monthly
, IV (Dec. 1861), 564.

133.
Stone,
Brokenburn
, 28.

134.
Chesnut,
Diary from Dixie
, 138, 139–40, 145–48, 151–52, 154, 176, 264–65.

135.
Wise,
End of an Era
, 74;
Speech of James McDowell, Jr. (of Rockbridge) in the House of Delegates of Virginia, on the Slave Question
(Richmond, 1832), reprinted in Eric Foner (ed.),
Nat Turner
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1971), 113. On January 4, 1862, Edmund Ruffin confided his recollections of the Nat Turner insurrection to his diary.
Diary
, II, 207–09.

136.
Chesnut,
Diary from Dixie
, 38, 292–93.

137.
Jones (ed.),
Heroines of Dixie
, 118.

138.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 189.

1.
Report of the Proceedings of a Meeting Held at Concert Hall, Philadelphia, on Tuesday Evening, November 3, 1863, to Take into Consideration the Condition of the Freed People of the South
(Philadelphia, 1863), 22.

2.
George H. Hepworth,
The Whip, Hoe, and Sword; or, The Gulf-Department in ’63
(Boston, 1864), 179.

3.
W. E. B. Du Bois,
Black Reconstruction
(New York, 1935), 110.

4.
Christian Recorder
, April 23, May 28, 1864.

5.
Douglass’ Monthly
, III (May 1861), 451.

6.
Wiley,
Southern Negroes
, 301;
New York Times
, Oct. 18, 1862.

7.
Roy P. Basler (ed.),
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
(8 vols.; New Brunswick, N.J., 1953), V, 423; V. Jacque Voegeli,
Free but Not Equal: The Midwest and the Negro During the Civil War
(Chicago, 1967), 99; Bell I. Wiley,
The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union
(Indianapolis, 1951), 120.

8.
William C. Bryant II (ed.), “A Yankee Soldier Looks at the Negro,”
Civil War History
, VII (1961), 144.

9.
Cornish,
Sable Arm
, 9–10, 31;
Christian Recorder
, July 25, 1863.

10.
Christian Recorder
, Jan. 31, 1863.

11.
Herbert Aptheker, “The Negro in the Union Navy,”
Journal of Negro History
, XXXII (1947), 169–200 (for the experience of Robert Fitzgerald in the Union Navy, see Pauli Murray,
Proud Shoes: The Story of an American Family
(New York, 1956), 130–34); Cornish,
Sable Arm
, 33–58, 69–75; William F. Messner, “Black Violence and White Response: Louisiana, 1862,”
Journal of Southern History
, XLI (1975), 28–30;
Douglass’ Monthly
, V (Aug. 1862), 698–99; Wilson,
Black Phalanx
, 145–65; Rose,
Rehearsal for Reconstruction
, 144–48, 187–89; Towne,
Letters and Diary
, 41–54.

12.
James M. McPherson,
The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction
(Princeton, N.J., 1964), 197–202; Higginson,
Army Life in a Black Regiment
, 4.

13.
Higginson,
Army Life in a Black Regiment
, 4–5, 10–11, 16–19, 25, 28–30.

14.
E. Pershine Smith to Henry C. Carey, Jan. 5, 1863, Carey Papers, Edward Carey Gardiner Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Winther (ed.),
With Sherman to the Sea
, 55.

15.
Higginson,
Army Life in a Black Regiment
, 58–60; Higginson to Brig. Gen. Rufus Saxton, Feb. 1, 1863, in Guthrie,
Camp-Fires of the Afro-American
, 390–91.

16.
Lary C. Rampp, “Negro Troop Activity in Indian Territory, 1863–1865,”
Chronicles of Oklahoma
, XLVII (Spring 1969), 534–36;
New York Times
, Nov. 20, 1862; Henry T. Johns,
Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers
(Washington, D.C., 1890), 248, 281–83; McPherson (ed.),
Negro’s Civil War
, 185–87. See also
New York Times
, Feb. 23, April 1, Dec. 14, 1863; William Wells Brown,
The Negro in the American Rebellion
(Boston, 1880), 167–76; Albert,
House of Bondage
, 131–32.

17.
Cornish,
Sable Arm
, 95, 114, 231, 251; Nevins,
War for the Union: The Organized War, 1863–1864
, 54n.; John W. Blassingame, “The Recruitment of Colored Troops in Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri, 1863–1865,”
Historian
, XXIX (1967), 533–45; Basler (ed.),
Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
, VII, 282; McPherson (ed.),
Negro’s Civil War
, 192. See also
Christian Recorder
, Oct. 31, 1863.

18.
Cornish,
Sable Arm
, 229–31; Wilson,
Black Phalanx
, 163–64. For examples of changing attitudes toward the use of black troops, see also Basler (ed.),
Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
, V, 357, and VI, 149–50; John Mercer Langston,
From the Virginia Plantation to the National Capitol
(Hartford, 1894), 205–11; Voegeli,
Free but Not Equal
, 105.

19.
Record of Action of the Convention Held at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., July 15th and 16th, 1863, for the Purpose of Facilitating the Introduction of Colored Troops into the Service of the United States
(New York, 1863), 6, 7, 8;
Douglass’ Monthly
, V (March 1863), 801, (April 1863), 819;
New York Times
, Jan. 11, 1864. See also
Christian Recorder
, July 18, 1863;
New York Times
, Feb. 20, March 26, 1864; H. Ford Douglass to Frederick Douglass, Jan. 8, 1863, in
Douglass’ Monthly
, V (Feb. 1863), 786; Blassingame (ed.),
Slave Testimony
, 372.

20.
Christian Recorder
, June 20, 1863. See also
ibid
, June 27, July 11, 18, 1863;
Douglass’ Monthly
, V (April 1863), 818–19, (Aug. 1863), 852.

21.
Douglass’ Monthly
, V (Aug. 1863), 851, (April 1863), 818.

22.
Wiley,
Southern Negroes
, 306;
New York Times
, July 27, 31, Aug. 2, 1863.

23.
Wiley,
Southern Negroes
, 306–07; Rose,
Rehearsal for Reconstruction
, 269–70; George H. Gordon,
A War Diary of Events in the War of the Great Rebellion, 1863–1866
(Boston, 1882), 275.

24.
New York Times
, April 4, 1864; Wilson,
Black Phalanx
, 130–32; John Hope Franklin (ed.),
The Diary of James T. Ayers: Civil War Recruiter
(Springfield, Ill., 1947), xvi, 5, 26–8; McPherson,
Negro’s Civil War
, 206.

25.
Wilson,
Black Phalanx
, 130–32; Blassingame, “Recruitment of Colored Troops in Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri, 1863–1865,” 543–14; Henry G. Pearson,
The Life of John A. Andrew: Governor of Massachusetts, 1861–1865
(2 vols.; Boston, 1904), II, 144–45; Cornish,
Sable Arm
, 182; Franklin (ed.),
Diary of James T. Ayers
, 46.

26.
John A. Hedrick to Benjamin S. Hedrick, March 13, 1864, Benjamin S. Hedrick Papers, Duke Univ.; McPherson,
Negro’s Civil War
, 170; Blassingame, “Recruitment of Colored Troops in Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri, 1863–1865,” 539.

27.
Elizabeth Ware Pearson (ed.),
Letters from Port Royal
(Boston, 1906), 177, 185–90, 239, 282–84; Towne,
Letters and Diary
, 107; Rose,
Rehearsal for Reconstruction
, 266–68, 269, 328–29;
New York Times
, Jan. 25, 1863, March 1, 1865; Bruce,
The New Man
, 107; Wiley,
Southern Negroes
, 309–10;
Report of the Proceedings of a Meeting, Philadelphia, November 3, 1863
, 22.

28.
Pearson (ed.),
Letters from Port Royal
, 185; Salmon P. Chase to David Hunter, Feb. 14, 1863, Main File, Huntington Library.

29.
New York Times
, March 1, 1863;
Christian Recorder
, July 18, 1863.

30.
Christian Recorder
, Feb. 28, July 11, 1863. See also
Record of Action of the Convention Held at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., July 15th and 16th, 1863
, 11–12.

31.
Pearson,
Life of John Andrew
, II, 71–84; Luis F. Emilio,
History of the Fifty-fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863–1865
(Boston, 1891), 1–18; Cornish,
Sable Arm
, 105–10; McPherson,
Struggle for Equality
, 202–06;
Douglass’ Monthly
, V (March 1863), 801.

32.
Emilio,
History of the Fifty-fourth Regiment
, 19–34; Pearson,
Life of John Andrew
, II, 86–89; Cornish,
Sable Arm
, 147–48; McPherson,
Struggle for Equality
, 206; Quarles,
Negro in the Civil War
, 10–12; Frank A. Rollin,
Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delany
(Boston, 1883), 145;
New York Times
, May 29, 1863.

33.
Emilio,
History of the Fifty-fourth Regiment
, 67–104; Brown,
Negro in the American Rebellion
, 198–211; McPherson,
Struggle for Equality
, 211–12; Lewis Douglass to Amelia Loguen, July 20, 1863, Carter G. Woodson Collection, Library of Congress.

34.
New York Times
, May 24, 1863.

35.
McPherson,
Negro’s Civil War
, 143–44, 173; William H. Parham to Jacob C. White, Aug. 7, 1863, Jacob C. White, Jr., Papers, American Negro Historical Society Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

36.
Christian Recorder
, July 26, 1862.

37.
Cornish,
Sable Arm
, 184–85;
Christian Recorder
, June 11, 1864;
Douglass’ Monthly
, V (March 1863), 801.

38.
Christian Recorder
, Aug. 13, April 2, 1864. See also
ibid.
, March 5, June 11, July 23, 1864.

39.
Ibid.
, Aug. 13, Feb. 13, March 5, 19, 1864; Rollin,
Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delany
, 146–54;
Douglass’ Monthly
, V (Aug. 1863), 849;
Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
(Hartford, 1882), 421.

40.
Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
, 421–25.

41.
Christian Recorder
, March 5, April 23, July 30, Aug. 27, 1864. For life in the camp and the grievances of black soldiers, as expressed in letters from the soldiers, see
Christian Recorder
for 1863 and 1864.

42.
Ibid.
, Feb. 20, March 5, April 23, June 11, Aug. 13, 1864.

43.
Ibid.
, July 23, June 11, 1864. See also the identical argument of a Pennsylvania black soldier in
ibid.
, Aug. 13, 1864, and of a soldier from the 54th Mass. Rgt. in Brown,
Negro in the American Rebellion
, 250–51.

44.
Christian Recorder
, July 11, Aug. 27, 1864.

45.
Ibid.
, May 28, July 23, 1864; Higginson,
Army Life in a Black Regiment
, 252. For the refusal to accept pay, see also
Christian Recorder
, June 11, July 23, 30, Aug. 13, 27, 1864.

46.
Christian Recorder
, Sept. 12, 1863, June 25, July 2, 1864; McPherson,
Negro’s Civil War
, 200–01; McPherson,
Struggle for Equality
, 217; Emilio,
History of the Fifty-fourth Regiment
, 190–91; Brown,
Negro in the American Rebellion
, 251–52; Higginson,
Army Life in a Black Regiment
, 280.