Been in the Storm So Long (124 page)

47.
Douglass’ Monthly
, V (Aug. 1863), 852;
Christian Recorder
, July 18, 1863; John S. Rock to the soldiers of the 5th Rgt. of U.S. Heavy Artillery, Natchez, Miss., May 30, 1864, Ms. address in George L. Ruffin Papers, Howard Univ., Washington, D.C.; McPherson,
Negro’s Civil War
, 175–76; Headquarters, Supervisory Committee on Colored Enlistments, “To Men of Color,” broadside, Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Similar sentiments may be found in
Christian Recorder
, July 11, 1863.

48.
Christian Recorder
, Sept. 17, 1864.

49.
Ibid.
, Nov. 5, 1864.

50.
McPherson,
Struggle for Equality
, 217–19; Higginson,
Army Life in a Black Regiment
, 287–89;
Christian Recorder
, Nov. 5, 1864; Emilio,
History of the Fifty-fourth Regiment
, 220–21, 227–28. On March 3, 1865, Congress enacted a law giving full retroactive pay to all black regiments that had been promised equal pay at the time of enlistment.

51.
New York Times
, June 14, 1864; William E. Farrison,
William Wells Brown
(Chicago, 1969), 382; Blassingame (ed.),
Slave Testimony
, 378, 384; Herbert Aptheker (ed.),
A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States
(New York, 1951), 486–87. For similar sentiments, see
Christian Recorder
, April 23, June 11, July 23, 1864, and
New Orleans Tribune
, Aug. 25, 1864. On the appointment of black officers, see Cornish,
Sable Arm
, 214–17.

52.
Rollin,
Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delany
, 141–43;
Christian Recorder
, Feb. 14, 1863.

53.
Rollin,
Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delany
, 166–8, 200–02, 209–26.

54.
Richmond Dispatch
, Aug. 5, 1864, reprinted in
New York Times
, Aug. 12, 1864; Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for July 16, 1863, Univ. of South Carolina.

55.
Colin Clarke to Maxwell Clarke, Feb. 10, 1864, Williams-Chesnut-Manning Papers, Univ. of South Carolina. For comparable sentiments, see House (ed.), “Deterioration of a Georgia Rice Plantation During Four Years of Civil War,” 107.

56.
Cornish,
Sable Arm
, 160, 162–63, 167.

57.
Ibid.
, 159–62; Wilson,
Black Phalanx
, 316–18.

58.
Cornish,
Sable Arm
, 163, 169, 172–73, 177–78;
New York Times
, Dec. 2, 1863, Jan. 28, March 26, 1864; Aptheker (ed.),
Documentary History
, 487–88; Williamson,
After Slavery
, 21; Kerby,
Kirby Smith’s Confederacy
, 111.

59.
Cornish,
Sable Arm
, 170–72. For reports of prisoner exchanges, see
Christian Recorder
, Feb. 25, 1865, and Williamson,
After Slavery
, 21.

60.
Bell I. Wiley,
The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy
(Indianapolis, 1943), 314–15; Cornish,
Sable Arm
, 164, 176–77.

61.
Christian Recorder
, July 26, 1862, Feb. 14, June 13, 1863, April 2, 1864;
New York Times
, May 20, 1863;
Douglass’ Monthly
, V (Aug. 1863), 849–50.

62.
Basler (ed.),
Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
, VI, 357, VII, 302–03;
Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
, 423–24;
Christian Recorder
, April 23, 1864.

63.
Christian Recorder
, April 23, 1864; Cornish,
Sable Arm
, 173–75; Brown,
Negro in the American Rebellion
, 235–47; McPherson,
Negro’s Civil War
, 217–21.

64.
Christian Recorder
, June 11, April 30, 1864. See also “The Capture of Fort Pillow,” an editorial in
ibid.
, April 23, 1864.

65.
Farrison,
William Wells Brown
, 391–92.

66.
McPherson,
Negro’s Civil War
, 225; Kerby,
Kirby Smith’s Confederacy
, 312; Cornish,
Sable Arm
, 176–77; Wilson,
Black Phalanx
, 347–48.

67.
Christian Recorder
, Aug. 13, 1864; McPherson,
Negro’s Civil War
, 222. See also
New York Times
, Aug. 26, 27, Oct. 1, 1864.

68.
Higginson,
Army Life in a Black Regiment
, 173–74; Rose,
Rehearsal for Reconstruction
, 243–44; Sarah Bradford,
Harriet Tubman: The Moses of Her People
(2nd ed., 1886; repr. New York, 1961), 99–102.

69.
Christian Recorder
, April 9, June 18, 1864; March 18, April 1, 1865; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, XVII: Fla. Narr., 161. See also “Letter from South Carolina,” in
Christian Recorder
, Feb. 25, 1865.

70.
New York Times
, Feb. 28, 1864; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, XVII: Fla. Narr., 82;
Christian Recorder
, April 15, 1865.

71.
Christian Recorder
, May 28, June 25, 1864, April 15, 1865.

72.
Ibid.
, May 28, 1864, March 25, April 15, 1865; Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for May 3, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina.

73.
New York Tribune
, March 2, 1865;
Christian Recorder
, April 15, 1865; Lt. Col. John S. Bogert, 103rd U.S. Colored Troops, to his parents, Feb. 24, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina; McPherson,
Negro’s Civil War
, 236–37; Rollin,
Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delany
, 197–98.

74.
Maxwell Clarke to Mrs. John Laurence Manning, Oct. 12, 1863, Williams-Chesnut-Manning Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; Jervey and Ravenel,
Two Diaries
, 7;
Christian Recorder
, June 25, 1864; Reid,
After the War
, 213;
Christian Recorder
, May 27, 1865.

75.
New York Times
, Dec. 5, 1863; Eliza Frances Andrews,
The War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 1864–1865
(New York, 1908), 261–62; Johns,
Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers
, 295–96; Simkins and Patton,
Women of the Confederacy
, 238. For similar views of native whites, see, e.g., Ravenel,
Private Journal
, 212–14; Jervey and Ravenel,
Two Diaries
, 7, 8–9, 11, 18, 31–33, 34; Stone,
Brokenburn
, 297–98.

76.
Christian Recorder
, May 6, 27, 1865.

77.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, XVIII: Unwritten History, 253.

78.
Cornish,
Sable Arm
, 287–88; Wiley,
Southern Negroes
, 341–44; McPherson,
Negro’s Civil War
, 143–47; Bryant (ed.), “A Yankee Soldier Looks at the Negro,” 147.

79.
Cornish,
Sable Arm
, 288; Wiley,
Life of Billy Yank
, 124–25, 134–37.

80.
McPherson,
Negro’s Civil War
, 183; Johns,
Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers
, 154; Bryant (ed.), “A Yankee Soldier Looks at the Negro,” 141; Wilson,
Black Phalanx
, 280–83; Johns,
Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers
, 167, 168; McPherson,
Negro’s Civil War
, 172;
New York Times
, June 14, 1864, May 17, 1863.

81.
Wilson,
Black Phalanx
, 280, 282, 283; Gordon,
War Diary of Events
, 275; Higginson,
Army Life in a Black Regiment
, 29, 259.

82.
Cornish,
Sable Arm
, 55, 261–64, 267, 288–89;
Christian Recorder
, Aug. 13, 1864.

83.
McPherson,
Negro’s Civil War
, 237; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, XVIII: Unwritten History, 150–51; IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 232; Hepworth,
Whip, Hoe, and Sword
, 187.

84.
Johns,
Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers
, 294–95; Lt. Col. John S. Bogert, 103rd U.S. Colored Troops, to his parents, Feb. 1, 17, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina.

85.
New York Times
, Aug. 21, 1863; George O. Jewett to Dexter Jewett, July 18, 1863, Main File, Henry E. Huntington Library; Wiley,
Life of Billy Yank
, 121. See also
New York Times
, April 16, 1863, Oct. 30, 1864, March 12, 1865; Joel Cook,
The Siege of Richmond
(Philadelphia, 1862), 75–76.

86.
Cornish,
Sable Arm
, 147. See also
New York Times
, April 21, 1863; Bryant (ed.), “A Yankee Soldier Looks at the Negro,” 146; Wilson,
Black Phalanx
, 298, 310–11.

87.
Towne,
Letters and Diary
, 94;
New York Times
, Oct. 3, 1862; Johns,
Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers
, 169.

88.
Quoted in introduction to Higginson,
Army Life in a Black Regiment
, Collier Books reprint edition (New York, 1962), 19–20. On self-pride and the postwar expectations of black soldiers, see also
Christian Recorder
, Aug. 13, 1864 (Sgt. John C. Brock and Cpl. Abram C. Simms), March 18 (Sgt. John C. Brock and Pvt. Henry C. Hoyle), April 8 (George A. Watkins), 15 (William Waters), May 13 (J. N. Drake), 27 (Cpl. William Gibson and Pvt. W. A. Freeman);
New York Times
, Feb. 20, 1864, and Brown,
Negro in the American Rebellion
, 280–81 (Cpl. Spencer McDowell).

89.
New York Tribune
, June 8, 1863, quoted in Guthrie,
Camp-Fires of the Afro-American
, 366; Du Bois,
Black Reconstruction
, 104, 110. For similar sentiments, see
New York Times
, Aug. 21, 1863, and
New Era
, July 28, 1870.

90.
New York Times
, Aug. 17, 1865; Haviland,
A Woman’s Life-Work
, 314–15. See also Ephraim McDowell Anderson,
Memoirs: Historical and Personal
(St. Louis, 1868), 400–01; Perdue et al. (eds.),
Weevils in the Wheat
, 179.

1.
Higginson,
Army Life in a Black Regiment
, 217–18.

2.
Louis Manigault to “Mon Cher Pere” [Charles Manigault], Nov. 24, Dec. 5, 1861, Louis Manigault Letters, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia; Louis Manigault to Charles W. Henry, April 10, 1863, with enclosure containing description and cropped photograph of a runaway slave, Manigault Family Letters, South Caroliniana Library, Univ. of South Carolina; Louis Manigault, Memos on Overseers, Gowrie Plantation (Savannah River), Feb. 1, 1857, Dec. 20, 1858, and “Visit to ‘Gowrie’ and ‘East Hermitage’ Plantations,” March 1867, Manigault Plantation Records, Southern Historical Collection, Univ. of North Carolina; House (ed.), “Deterioration of a Georgia Rice Plantation During Four Years of Civil War,” 98–117; Ulrich B. Phillips (ed.),
Plantation and Frontier: 1649–1863
(2 vols.; Cleveland, 1910), I, 138, 320–21, II, 32–33, in John R. Commons et al. (eds.),
A Documentary History of American Industrial Society
(10 vols.; Cleveland, 1910–11). See also James M. Clifton, “A Half-Century of a Georgia Rice Plantation,”
North Carolina Historical Review
, XLVII (1970), 388–415.

3.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 279; John Houston Bills, Ms. Diary, entry for Jan. 10, 1863, Univ. of North Carolina;
New York Times
, April 12, 1862 (the incident was related by “C.H.W.,” a
Times
correspondent writing from Centre-ville, Virginia).

4.
Jervey and Ravenel,
Two Diaries
, 5; Washington,
Up from Slavery
, 19–20.

5.
Heyward,
Seed from Madagascar
, 135; S. H. Boineau to Charles Heyward, Jan. 6, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina; Jones (ed.),
Heroines of Dixie
, 196–97; Catherine Barbara Broun, Ms. Diary, entry for Jan. 1, 1864, Univ. of North Carolina. See also Ravenel,
Private Journal
, 205; Susan Bradford Eppes,
Through Some Eventful Years
(Macon, 1926; repr. Gainesville, 1968), 168.

6.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VI: Ala. Narr., 270. For similar recollections, see III: S.C. Narr. (Part 4), 14, and XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 128. The song “Ol’ Gen’ral Bragg’s A-Mowin’ Down de Yankees” also captured much of this feeling. Newman Ivey White (ed.),
North Carolina Folklore
(7 vols.; Durham, N.C., 1952–64), II, 543–44.

7.
See e.g., Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 86.

8.
Macrae,
Americans at Home
, 133; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VI: Ala. Narr., 270–71.

9.
Wiley,
Southern Negroes
, 19;
New York Tribune
, March 2, 1865; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, III: S.C. Narr. (Part 3), 202; V: Texas Narr. (Part 3), 158; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 249–50.

10.
John Houston Bills, Ms. Diary, entry for Jan. 14, 1863, Univ. of North Carolina; Perdue et al. (eds.),
Weevils in the Wheat
, 144. See also Stone,
Brokenburn
, 33, 35, and Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VII: Miss. Narr., 63–64.

11.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, XII: Ga. Narr. (Part 2), 278; V: Texas Narr. (Part 3), 230; II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 118–19; Smedes,
Memorials of a Southern Planter
, 188–89. See also Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, II and III: S. C. Narr. (Part 1), 72, 248, (Part 2), 19, 54, 325, (Part 3), 26, (Part 4), 225; VI: Ala. Narr., 49–50, 89, 99, 144, 225, 331, 373, 420; VII: Okla. Narr., 106; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 419; Jacob Stroyer, “My Life in the South,” in Katz (ed.),
Five Slave Narratives
, 36; Washington,
Up from Slavery
, 19; Elizabeth W. Allston Pringle,
Chronicles of Chicora Wood
(New York, 1922), 221–24, 227–28;
The Diary of Dolly Lunt Burge
(ed. James I. Robertson; Athens, Ga., 1962), 91–92, 100; Matthew Page Andrews (ed.),
The Women of the South in War Times
(Baltimore, 1920), 237–38; Chesnut,
Diary from Dixie
, 475; and Katharine M. Jones (ed.),
When Sherman Came: Southern Women and the “GreatMarch”
(Indianapolis, 1964), 116, 252.