Been in the Storm So Long (126 page)

56.
Swint (ed.),
Dear Ones at Home
, 169, 61. For similar examples of black disillusionment and protest, see
New Orleans Tribune
, July 8, 16, 1865;
Christian Recorder
, April 30, 1864, June 10, July 8, 1865; Rose,
Rehearsal for Reconstruction
, 240–41.

57.
Wiley,
Life of Billy Yank
, 41, 115–16; James E. Glazier to his parents, Feb. 28, 1862, Glazier Collection, Huntington Library. See also Andrew J. Bennett,
The Story of the First Massachusetts Light Battery
(Boston, 1886), 100–01; Stevens,
Three Years in the Sixth Corps
, 273–74; Nevins,
War for the Union: The Organized War, 1863–1864
, 416.

58.
Wiley,
Life of Billy Yank
, 41, 43.

59.
Johns,
Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers
, 170–71; Henrietta Stratton Jaquette (ed.),
South after Gettysburg: Letters of Cornelia Hancock, 1863–1868
(New York, 1956), 63–64. See also Bryant (ed.), “A Yankee Soldier Looks at the Negro,” 136.

60.
Thomas J. Myers to his wife, Feb. 26, 1865, Thomas J. Myers Papers, Univ. of North Carolina; Conyngham,
Sherman’s March Through the South
, 275–78; Rose,
Rehearsal for Reconstruction
, 332; Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for May 3, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina; Pearson (ed.),
Letters from Port Royal
, 293–94; Towne,
Letters and Diary
, 148; Nichols,
The Great March
, 71; Winther (ed.),
With Sherman to the Sea
, 136, 138; Bryan,
Confederate Georgia
, 128;
New York Tribune
, Jan. 9, 1865. For slaves leaving with the Union forces, see also Beatty,
Citizen-Soldier
, 141; Bennett,
Story
of the First Massachusetts Light Battery
, 153–54; Rev. Horace James,
Annual Report of the Superintendent of Negro Affairs in North Carolina, 1864
(Boston, n.d.), 36–37; Bryant (ed.), “A Yankee Soldier Looks at the Negro,” 145–46;
New York Times
, Dec. 2, 1861, Dec. 18, 1862, April 6, 16, 18, May 9, June 5, 28, Aug. 8, 1863, Jan. 9, March 7, May 27, 1864, March 21, 1865; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 2), 110; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 171–72; Wharton,
Negro in Mississippi
, 46–47; Williamson,
After
Slavery, 24–25; Bradford,
Harriet Tubman
, 99–101.

61.
Black Republican
, May 13, 1865; Eaton,
Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen
, 2; Rose,
Rehearsal for Reconstruction
, 322, 332. See also Thompson,
An Englishman in the American Civil War
, 98; Elijah P. Burton,
Diary of E. P. Burton, Surgeon, 7th Regiment, Illinois
(Des Moines, 1939), 6, 8; Horace James,
Report of the Superintendent of Negro Affairs in North Carolina, 1864
, 57–58 (Appendix).

62.
William F. Messner, “Black Violence and White Response: Louisiana, 1862,”
Journal of Southern History
, XLI (1975), 21; Francis G. Peabody,
Education for Life: The Story of Hampton Institute
(New York, 1922), 34. For conditions in the contraband camps, see also Hannibal Hamlin to the Freedman’s Relief Assn. of Philadelphia, June 6, 1862; Hamlin to Joseph M. Truman, Jr., June 13 and Sept. 9, 1862; George E. Baker to Truman, March 3, 1863; Lizzie MacLaurin to the Bethany Scholars, April 4, 1864, Papers of the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Rev. Joel Grant to Prof. Henry Cowles, April 10, 1863; A. O. Howell (Superintendent of Freedmen Camp, Natchez), Jan. 19 and Feb. 6, 1864; L. A. Eberhart to Rev. C. H. Fowler, Feb. 1, 1864, American Missionary Assn. Archives; Burton,
Diary
, 8; Jaquette (ed.),
South after Gettysburg
, 33–50;
New York Times
, March 20, Oct. 27, 28, Dec. 9, 1862, Jan. 18, Aug. 9, Nov. 12, 1863, Feb. 26, 1865. For Federal policy toward the contrabands, see Gerteis,
From Contraband to Freedman
, and Wiley,
Southern Negroes
, 175–294.

63.
Myers (ed.),
Children of Pride
, 986, 1197–98;
New York Times
, Nov. 8, 1862, March 26, 1865; Stone,
Brokenburn
, 128; G. P. Whittington, (ed.), “Concerning the Loyalty of Slaves in North Louisiana in 1863: Letters from John H. Ransdell to Governor Thomas O. Moore, dated 1863,”
Louisiana Historical Quarterly
, XIV (1931), 492. “The contrabands are curious as to what shall be their fate. One or two told me that after working on our entrenchments it would go hard with them if their masters returned. One inquired suspiciously why his master’s name was taken down.”
New York Times
, July 20, 1861.

64.
Nichols,
The Great March
, 62. See also
ibid.
, 83; Mary Ames,
From a New England Woman’s Diary in Dixie in 1865
(Springfield, Mass., 1906), 64;
New York Times
, Dec. 18, 1861.

65.
Cornelia Phillips Spencer,
The Last Ninety Days of the War in North Carolina
(New York, 1866), 186–87;
New York Times
, Dec. 1, 1862.

66.
Wilmer Shields to William Newton Mercer, Dec. 11, 1863, Jan. 25, 1864, June 10 (incl. enclosure: “List of Negroes who have remained, been absent and returned, and are now on the plantations”), Sept. 20, 1865, Dec. 4, 1866, W. N. Mercer Papers, Louisiana State Univ.

67.
Alexander F. Pugh, Ms. Plantation Diary, entries for Oct. 27, 28, 30, 31, Nov. 1, 2, 5, 6, 1862, Nov. 3, 1863, A. F. Pugh Papers, Louisiana State Univ.; Annette Koch to [Christian D. Koch], June 27, 1863, Christian D. Koch Papers, Louisiana State Univ.; Okar to Gustave Lauve, June 26, 1863, Gustave Lauve Papers, Louisiana State Univ.

68.
John H. Ransdell to Gov. Thomas O. Moore, May 24, 26, 31, 1863, in Whittington (ed.), “Concerning the Loyalty of Slaves in North Louisiana,” 491–93, 495, 497. For the rapid erosion of slavery in Louisiana and Mississippi, see also, e.g., Samuel A. Agnew (Miss.), Ms. Diary, entry for Oct. 29, 1862, Univ. of North Carolina; Bayside Plantation Record (Bayou Teche, La.), entries for April 10, May 1, 3, 4, 1863, Univ. of North Carolina; Louisa T. Lovell (Palmyra plantation, near Natchez) to Capt. Joseph Lovell, Feb. 7, 1864, Quitman Papers, Univ. of North Carolina; Emily Caroline Douglas (Adams Co., Miss.), Ms. Autobiography, 167–68, Louisiana State Univ.;
New York Times
, Dec. 1, 1862, Oct. 17, 1863; Sitterson,
Sugar Country
, 209–11; William K. Scarborough,
The Overseer: Plantation Management in the Old South
(Baton Rouge, 1966), 153–55; F. W. Smith (ed.), “The Yankees in New Albany: Letters of Elizabeth Jane Beach, July 29, 1864,”
Journal of Mississippi History
, II (Jan. 1940), 46; Ripley,
Slaves and Freedmen in Civil War Louisiana
, 14–23; James L. Roark,
Masters Without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil War and Reconstruction
(New York, 1977), 112–17.

69.
Thompson,
An Englishman in the American Civil War
, 94; John Houston Bills, Ms. Diary, entries for Jan. 10, 14, May 18, 27, June 1, 3, 5, 8, 16, Aug. 21, 29, Oct. 8, 17, 1863 (incl. “Memoranda 1863: List of Servants Carried Off by Federal Army and Value”), Feb. 10, 11, July 11, 1864, Univ. of North Carolina.

70.
Myers (ed.),
Children of Pride
, 1241, 1243, 1247.

71.
Okar to Gustave Lauve, June 26, 1863, Gustave Lauve Papers, Louisiana State Univ.; Andrews,
War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl
, 183. See also Wiley,
Southern Negroes
, 12; Bettersworth (ed.),
Mississippi in the Confederacy
, 240; Williamson,
After Slavery
, 24. For slaves who returned only to leave again, see, e.g., Wilmer Shields to William N. Mercer, June 10, 1865, Mercer Papers, Louisiana State Univ.; Sydnor,
A Gentleman of the Old Natchez Region
, 297; Sitterson,
Sugar Country
, 211.

72.
Stone,
Brokenburn
, 185; John H. Bills, Ms. Diary, entries for Sept. 22, 24, 1863, Univ. of North Carolina; Myers (ed.),
Children of Pride
, 1263; WPA,
Negro in Virginia
, 202; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, II: S.C. Narr. (Part 2), 145; Ruffin,
Diary
, II, 409–10; Stone,
Brokenburn
, 179. See also Rainwater (ed.), “Letters of James Lusk Alcorn,” 201; Easterby (ed.),
South Carolina Rice Plantation
, 207; Whittington (ed.), “Concerning the Loyalty of Slaves in North Carolina in 1863,” 501. Edmund Ruffin, Jr., offered amnesty “for the past insubordination” to his returning slaves, “provided their future conduct should be good, as it had been generally previously.” Ruffin,
Diary
, II, 367–68.

73.
Ravenel,
Private Journal
, 251; Rose,
Rehearsal for Reconstruction
, 16–17, 106–08;
New York Times
, Nov. 20, 1861; Botume,
First Days Amongst the Contrabands
, 11, 33–34;
Christian Recorder
, Nov. 30, 1861. Few towns were sacked as thoroughly as Beaufort. Although an estimated 3,000 slaves helped to level Jackson, Mississippi, that was a joint operation with Union troops; in nearby Yazoo City, however, the blacks themselves burned down fourteen houses and the courthouse, and the proliferation of arson attempts elsewhere, some of them spectacularly successful, gave rise to new fears of a general insurrection. Silver (ed.),
Mississippi in the Confederacy
, 268–69; Harvey Wish, “Slave Disloyalty under the Confederacy,”
Journal of Negro History
, XXIII (1938), 444; Williamson,
After Slavery
, 51.

74.
Jervey and Ravenel,
Two Diaries
, 12; D. E. H. Smith (ed.),
Mason Smith Family Letters
, 193, 218; Easterby (ed.),
South Carolina Rice Plantation
, 208. See also Ruffin,
Diary
, II, 598; Ravenel,
Private Journal
, 216; Leland (ed.), “Middleton Correspondence, 1861–1865,” 106; Ada Sterling,
A Belle of the Fifties: Memoirs of Mrs. Clay, of Alabama
(New York, 1905), 182; Stone,
Brokenburn
, 210; D. E. H. Smith (ed.),
Mason Smith Family Letters
, 188, 189; Elias Horry Deas to Anne Deas, Aug. 12, 1865, Deas Papers, Univ. of South Carolina.

75.
Ravenel,
Private Journal
, 217; Leland (ed.), “Middleton Correspondence, 1861–1865,” 107; Stone,
Brokenburn
, 193, 203; Williamson,
After Slavery
, 5–6. See also Jervey and Ravenel,
Two Diaries
, 11, 12, 33, 35, 37; Dawson,
Confederate Girl’s Diary
, 178; D. E. H. Smith (ed.),
Mason Smith Family Letters
, 187;
New York Times
, Dec. 21, 1862; Whittington (ed.), “Concerning the Loyalty of Slaves in North Louisiana in 1863,” 492; Jones (ed.),
When Sherman Came
, 268.

76.
John H. Bills, Ms. Diary, entry for Feb. 11, 1864, Univ. of North Carolina; Easterby (ed.),
South Carolina Rice Plantation
, 208–10, 328; Pringle,
Chronicles of Chicora Wood
, 268–69. For comparable scenes, see, e.g., Elias Horry Deas to Anne Deas, May 5, 1865, Deas Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; Edward Lynch to Joseph Glover [June 1865], Glover-North Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; Avary,
Dixie after the War
, 341–42.

77.
Towne,
Letters and Diary
, 34;
New York Times
, Nov. 20, 1861, Nov. 16, 20, Dec. 21, 1862; Pringle,
Chronicles of Chicora
Wood
, 269; Sitterson,
Sugar Country
, 212.

78.
Easterby (ed.),
South Carolina Rice Plantation
, 213; Genovese,
Roll, Jordan, Roll
, 605;
New York Times
, Dec. 29, 1863;
Christian Recorder
, Nov. 26, 1862. See also Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 163; XII: Ga. Narr. (Part 2), 119; XVI: Tenn. Narr., 12.

79.
Samuel A. Agnew, Ms. Diary, entries for Oct. 31, Nov. 1, 1862, Univ. of North Carolina; Louisa T. Lovell to Capt. Joseph Lovell, Feb. 7, 1864, Quitman Papers, Univ. of North Carolina. See also Sitterson,
Sugar Country
, 214.

80.
Sitterson,
Sugar Country
, 212; Nevins,
War for the Union: The Organized War, 1863–1864
, 376–77; Jones (ed.),
Heroines of Dixie
, 118; Emily Caroline Douglas, Ms. Autobiography, 168, Louisiana State Univ.

81.
New York Times
, Dec. 1, 1862, Oct. 30, 1864; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, XVII: Fla. Narr., 246; Sitterson,
Sugar Country
, 220; Wiley,
Southern Negroes
, 74; Scarborough,
The Overseer
, 153–54. See also Clayton Jones, “Mississippi Agriculture,”
Journal of Mississippi History
, XXIV (April 1962), 138; Sitterson, “The McCollams: A Planter Family of the Old and New South,” in Miller and Genovese (eds.),
Plantation, Town, and County
, 296; Ruffin,
Diary
, II, 317, 320; Ravenel,
Private Journal
, 211–12; Jervey and Ravenel,
Two Diaries
, 36; Stone,
Brokenburn
, 175; Savannah Writers’ Project,
Savannah River Plantations
(Savannah, 1947), 324; John H. Bills, Ms. Diary, entries from Jan. 10, 1863, to Dec. 14, 1864, Univ. of North Carolina.

82.
For a discussion of the overseer under slavery, see Genovese,
Roll, Jordan, Roll
, 12–21, and Scarborough,
The Overseer
.

83.
Nevins,
War for the Union: The Organized War, 1863–1864
, 377;
New York Times
, Oct. 26, 1862 (the dispatch was written by the New Orleans correspondent of the
Times
on Oct. 16).

84.
Pringle,
Chronicles of Chicora Wood
, 264–65.