Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction (122 page)

48
. Montgomery Meigs, in Russell F. Weigley,
Quartermaster General of the Union Army: A Biography of M. C. Meigs
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1959), 131; J. G. Randall,
Lincoln the President
(New York: Dodd, Mead, 1945), 2:241; Strong, diary entry for September 13, 1862, in
Diary of George Templeton Strong
, 256.

49
. Robert Lincoln to Isaac Markens, February 13 and June 18, 1918, in
A Portrait of Abraham Lincoln in Letters by His Oldest Son
, ed. Paul Angle (Chicago: Chicago Historical Society, 1968), 56, 62.

50
. Washburne, in William C. Harris,
Lincoln’s Rise to the Presidency
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007), 318; Hans L. Trefousse,
Benjamin Franklin Wade: Radical Republican from Ohio
(New York: Twayne, 1963), 154, 167; Louis A. Warren,
Lincoln’s Gettysburg Declaration: “A New Birth of Freedom”
(Ft. Wayne, IN: Lincoln National Life Foundation, 1964), 48; Mark DeWolfe Howe,
The Life and Letters of George Bancroft
(New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1908), 2:132.

51
. David Donald, “Abraham Lincoln: A Whig in the White House,” in
Lincoln Reconsidered: Essays on the Civil War Era
(New York: Knopf, 1956), 187–208; John Pendleton Kennedy, “A Defence of the Whigs,” in
Political and Official Papers
(New York: Putnam, 1872), 320–21; Lincoln, “Speech at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,” February 15, 1861, in
Collected Works
, 214–15.

52
. Swett to Lincoln, January 5, 8, and 19, 1861, and Thurlow Weed to Swett, January 20, 1861, in Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress; John Hay, “Letter to William H. Herndon, Paris,” September 5, 1866, in
At Lincoln’s Side: John Hay’s Civil War Correspondence and Selected Writings
, ed. Michael Burlingame (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 110.

53
. Benjamin Wade, “Confiscation of Rebel Property,” July 16, 1862, “Confiscation and Emancipation,” July 16, 1862, “Confiscation,” July 17, 1862, in
Congressional Globe
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 3375, 3400, 3406.

54
. Robert Bruce Warden,
An Account of the Private Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase
(Cincinnati: Wilstach, Baldwin, 1874), 484; John Hay, “To John G. Nicolay,” September 11, 1863, in
At Lincoln’s Side
, 54.

55
. Allan G. Bogue,
The Congressman’s Civil War
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 44–59, 63, 74–88, 114, 118, 121–32.

56
. Carpenter,
Six Months at the White House
, 252; Kellogg, in
Recollected Words
, 277; Hay, diary entry for December 25, 1863, in
Inside Lincoln’s White House
, 133–34.

57
. Warden,
An Account
, 299.

58
. Harry L. Watson,
Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1990), 35–38; William H. Dillistin,
Bank Note Reporters and Counterfeit Detectors, 1826–1866: With a Discourse on Wildcat Banks and Wildcat Bank Notes
(New York: American Numismatic Society, 1949), 99; Q. David Bowers,
Obsolete Paper Money Issued by Banks in the United States, 1782–1866: A Study and Appreciation for the Numismatist and Historian
(Atlanta, GA: Whitman, 2006), 185.

59
. Philip S. Paludan,
“A People’s Contest”: The Union and the Civil War
(New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 108–10; Richard F. Bensel,
Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central State Authority in America, 1859–1877
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 243–54; Theodore E. Burton,
John Sherman
(Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1906), 90.

60
. J. W. Schuckers,
The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase
(New York: D. Appleton, 1874), 216, 238; Paludan,
“A People’s Contest,”
111; Heather Cox Richardson,
The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 45.

61
. Burton,
John Sherman
, 105, 112–13; Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer,
Jay Cooke: Financier of the Civil War
(Philadelphia: G. W. Jacobs, 1907), 1:172–73.

62
. Frederick J. Blue,
Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1987), 160–62; Schuckers,
Life and Public Services of Chase
, 239–41.

63
. Schuckers,
Life and Services of Chase
, 229; Bensel,
Yankee Leviathan
, 251–52; Oberholtzer,
Jay Cooke
, 1:137, 142–43, 187, 232–52; Paludan,
“A People’s Contest,”
115–17; Richardson,
The Greatest Nation
, 31–56; Michael S. Green,
Freedom, Union, and Power: Lincoln and His Party During the Civil War
(New York: Fordham University Press, 2004), 317–26.

64
. Rollin C. Hurd,
A Treatise on the Right of Personal Liberty: and on the Writ of Habeas Corpus
(Albany, NY: W. C. Little, 1858), 136.

65
. Brian McGinty,
Lincoln and the Court
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 65–83.

66
. Lincoln, “To Erastus Corning and Others,” June 12, 1863, in
Collected Works
, 6:264.

67
.
Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of the United States at December term 1862
(Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1863), 2:669, 698–99; Stephen C. Neff,
Justice in Blue and Gray: A Legal History of the Civil War
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 24–27, 32–34; Simon,
Lincoln and Chief Justice Taney
, 224–32.

68
. Mark E. Neely,
Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation: Constitutional Conflict in the American Civil War Era
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 190.

69
. Robert Bruce Murray,
Legal Cases of the Civil War
(Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2003), 75–84; John A. Marshall,
American Bastile: A History of the Illegal Arrests and Imprisonment of American Citizens During the Late Civil War
(Philadelphia: T. W. Hartley, 1869), 84; “Ex Parte in the Matter of Lambdin D. Milligan, Petitioner,” December 17, 1866, in
Cases Argued and Decided in the Supreme Court of the United States, December Terms 1865–1867
, ed. Stephen Williams (Rochester, NY: Lawyers Co-operative Publishing, 1901), 281–303.

70
. Jacob Dolson Cox, “War Preparations in the North,”
Battles and Leaders
, 1:87; Douglas, “To Virgil Hickox,” May 10, 1861, in
Letters of Stephen A. Douglas
, 512; Adam I. P. Smith,
No Party Now: Politics in the Civil War North
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 37–38.

71
. Frank J. Klement, “Economic Aspects of Middle Western Copperheadism,” in
Lincoln’s Critics: The Copperheads of the North
, ed. Steven K. Rogstad (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane, 1999), 48–49.

72
. Robert C. Winthrop, “Great Speech of Hon. Robert C. Winthrop at New London, Conn.,” in
Union Pamphlets of the Civil War, 1861–1865
, ed. Frank Freidel (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), 2:1098, 1101.

73
. Joanna D. Cowden,
“Heaven Will Frown on Such a Cause as This”: Six Democrats Who Opposed Lincoln’s War
(Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2001), 15–17.

74
. “Harmony in the Future,”
Philadelphia Press
, July 1, 1863; Mark E. Neely,
The Union Divided: Party Conflict in the Civil War North
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 89–111; Thomas S. Mach,
“Gentleman George” Hunt Pendleton: Party Politics and Ideological Identity in Nineteenth-Century America
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2007), 60–63.

75
. Clement Vallandigham, “There Is a West; For the Union Forever; Outside of the Union, for Herself,” December 15, 1859, in
Speeches, Arguments, Addresses and Letters of Clement L. Vallandigham
(New York: J. Walter, 1864), 210, 212.

76
.
The Trial of Hon. Clement L. Vallandigham: By a Military Commission
(Cincinnati: Rickey and Carroll, 1863), 7, 11; McGinty,
Lincoln and the Court
, 186–90; Jennifer L. Weber,
Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln’s Opponents in the North
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 96–99.

77
. Frank L. Klement,
The Limits of Dissent: Clement L. Vallandigham and the Civil War
(New York: Fordham University Press, 1998 [1970]), 252, 272–77; Lincoln, “To John Brough and Samuel L. Heintzelman,” June 20, 1864, in
Collected Works
, 7:402.

78
. Mark Neely,
The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 24–28, 60, 98, 133–37.

79
. Richardson,
The Greatest Nation
, 2, 105–6, 109, 146, 187; Green,
Freedom, Union and Power
, 307–8; James Blaine,
Twenty Years of Congress: From Lincoln to Garfield, with a Review of the Events Which Led to the Political Revolution of 1860
(Norwich, CT: Henry Bill, 1884), 1:399.

80
. James H. Campbell, “Pacific Railroad—Again,” April 8, 1862, in
Congressional Globe
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 1580.

1
. Douglas John Cater,
As It Was: Reminiscences of a Soldier of the Third Texas Cavalry and the Nineteenth Louisiana Infantry
, ed. T. Michael Parrish (Austin, TX: State House Press, 1990), 67–68, 69, 173.

2
. Varina Davis Brown,
A Colonel at Gettysburg and Spotsylvania: The Life of Colonel Joseph Newton Brown and the Battles of Gettysburg and Spotsylvania
(Baltimore, MD: Butternut and Blue, 1988 [1931]), 12; Howell and Elizabeth Purdue,
Pat Cleburne: Confederate General
(Hillsboro, TX: Hill Jr. College Press, 1973), 74.

3
. Jimerson,
The Private Civil War
, 24–25; William C. Davis,
The Orphan Brigade: The Kentucky Confederates Who Couldn’t Go Home
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1980), 1, 29, 57.

4
. Ulysses S. Grant, “Personal Memoirs,” in
Memoirs and Selected Letters
, ed. M. D. McFeely and W. S. McFeely (New York: Library of America, 1990), 774; Wilbur Fiske, in Warren B. Armstrong,
For Courageous Fighting and Confident Dying: Union Chaplains in the Civil War
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 114; Walt Whitman, “Attitude of Foreign Governments During the War,” in
The Portable Walt Whitman
, ed. Mark Van Doren (New York: Viking Press, 1969), 562–63.

5
. Ezra Munday Hunt, “About the War” and “The Great Union Meeting Held in Indianapolis, February 26th, 1863,” in
Union Pamphlets of the Civil War
, 1:562, 2:602; Bell I. Wiley,
The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978 [1952]), 39.

6
. Edward King Wightman,
From Antietam to Fort Fisher: The Civil War Letters of Edward King Wightman, 1862–1865
, ed. E. G. Longacre (Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1985), 24; Liva Baker,
The Justice from Beacon Hill: The Life and Times of Oliver Wendell Holmes
(New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 97; Samuel Hinckley to Henry Hinckley, March 11, 1862, in
Yankee Correspondence: Civil War Letters Between New England Soldiers and the Home Front
, ed. Nina Silber and Mary Beth Sievens (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996), 59.

7
. Donald L. Smith,
The Twenty-Fourth Michigan of the Iron Brigade
(Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole, 1962), 18; Samuel McIlvaine,
By the Dim and Flaring Lamps: The Civil War Diaries of Samuel McIlvaine
, ed. C. E. Cramer (Monroe, NY: Library Research Associates, 1990), 32, 147.

8
. Jimerson,
The Private Civil War
, 41, 43; Lloyd Lewis,
Sherman: Fighting Prophet
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1932), 303.

9
.
Private Elisha Stockwell, Jr., Sees the Civil War
, ed. Byron R. Abernathy (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985), 39;
Your Own True Marcus: The Civil War Letters of a Jewish Colonel
, ed. Frank L. Byrne and Jean Soman (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1984), 62, 315–16; Marvin R. Cain, “A ‘Face of Battle’ Needed: An Assessment of Motives and Men in Civil War Historiography,”
Civil War History
28 (March 1982): 23.

10
. William J. Wray,
History of the Twenty Third Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, Birney’s Zouaves
(Philadelphia: Survivors Association, 1903), 151.

11
. L. J. Herdegen and W. J. K. Beaudot,
In the Bloody Railroad Cut at Gettysburg
(Dayton, OH: Morningside Press, 1990), 65.

12
.
Private Elisha Stockwell, Jr., Sees the Civil War
, 15.

13
. Judson,
History of the Eighty-Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers
, 180–81, 184.

14
. James I. Robertson,
The Stonewall Brigade
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963), 15–16; Mac Wykoff,
A History of the Second South Carolina Infantry, 1861–1865
(Wilmington, NC: Broad-foot, 2011), 441–596; Joseph Glatthaar,
General Lee’s Army: From Victory to Collapse
(New York: Free Press, 2008), 19–20.

15
. Maris A. Vinovskis, “Have Social Historians Lost the Civil War? Some Preliminary Demographic Speculations,” in
Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays
, ed. Maris A. Vinovskis (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 1–30.

16
. William J. Rorabaugh, “Who Fought for the North in the Civil War? Concord, Massachusetts, Enlistments,”
Journal of American History
73 (December 1986): 695–701; Thomas R. Kemp, “Community and War: The Civil War Experience of Two New Hampshire Towns,” in
Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays
, ed. Maris A. Vinovskis (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 31–77.