Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction (126 page)

77
. Paludan, “
A People’s Contest
,” 141–43; Wilson,
The Business of Civil War
, 135; Robert G. Angevine,
The Railroad and the State: War, Politics and Technology in Nineteenth-Century America
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004), 130–39; John Elwood Clark,
Railroads in the Civil War: The Impact of Management on Victory and Defeat
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001), 35–36; Thomas Weber,
The Northern Railroads in the Civil War
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999 [1952]), 102–3.

78
. Davis, “To the Speaker of the House of Representatives,” March 4, 1862, in
Messages and Papers of Jefferson Davis and the Confederacy, Including Diplomatic Correspondence, 1861–1865
, ed. J. D. Richardson, A. Nevins, and W. J. Cooper (Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2001), 1:194–95; Frank E. Vandiver,
Ploughshares into Swords: Josiah Gorgas and Confederate Ordnance
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1952), 60.

79
. Robert C. Black,
The Railroads of the Confederacy
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1952, 1998), 9–15, 58–59.

80
. Harold S. Wilson, “Virginia’s Industry and the Conduct of the War in 1862,” in
Virginia at War, 1862
, ed. William C. Davis and James I. Robertson (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2007), 23.

81
. “Reports of Gen. G. T. Beauregard, C. S. Army, and Resulting Correspondence,” August 4, 1861, in
War of the Rebellion
, 2:508; Harold S. Wilson,
Confederate Industry: Manufacturers and Quartermasters in the Civil War
(Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2002), 24, 35; Thomas D. Arliskas,
Cadet Gray and Butternut Brown: Notes on Confederate Uniforms
(Gettysburg: Thomas, 2006), 8–9, 43, 54, 60.

82
. Jeremy P. Felt, “Lucius B. Northrop and the Confederacy’s Subsistence Department,”
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
69 (April 1961): 182, 185–86, 188; Richard D. Goff,
Confederate Supply
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1969), 51, 65–66; Chestnut,
Mary Chestnut’s Civil War
, 124.

83
. Northrop to James A. Seddon (December 12, 1864), in
Official Records
, series four, 3:932; Eaton,
A History of the Southern Confederacy
, 143; Goff,
Confederate Supply
, 156.

84
. Owsley,
King Cotton Diplomacy
, 290.

85
. Frank E. Vandiver,
Their Tattered Flags: The Epic of the Confederacy
(New York: Harper’s Magazine Press, 1970), 240–42; Vandiver,
Ploughshares into Swords
, 61, 77; Bayne, “A Sketch of the Life of General Josiah Gorgas, Chief of Ordnance of the Confederate States,”
Southern Historical Society Papers
13 (January–December 1885), 222; Gorgas, diary entry for April 8, 1864, in
The Journals of Josiah Gorgas 1857–1878
, ed. Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1995), 98; Ross,
Trial by Fire
, 54–80.

86
. Hattaway and Jones,
How the North Won
, 121.

87
. “Secret Session” (April 6, 1863), in
Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904), 3:250; Raimondo Luraghi,
The Rise and Fall of the Plantation South
(New York: New Viewpoints, 1978), 123; John Majewski,
Modernizing a Slave Economy: The Economic Vision of the Confederate Nation
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 7; Michael Brem Bonner, “Expedient Corporatism and Confederate Political Economy,”
Civil War History
56 (March 2010): 48–53.

88
. Richard E. Beringer, Herman Hattaway, Archer Jones, and William Still,
Why the South Lost the Civil War
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986), 213–21; Wilson,
Confederate Industry
, 38, 54, 64, 88, 116; Goff,
Confederate Supply
, 143.

89
. “Open Session,” March 19, 1862, in
Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904), 5:122; Mary A. DeCredico,
Patriotism for Profit: Georgia’s Urban Entrepreneurs and the Confederate War Effort
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), 76–90; Bonner, “Expedient Corporatism,” 57–61; Charles W. Ramsdell, “The Confederate Government and the Railroads,”
American Historical Review
22 (July 1917): 796, 800, 805–6, 809–10.

90
. George E. Turner,
Victory Rode the Rails: The Strategic Place of the Railroads in the Civil War
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1953), 172; Jeffrey N. Lash,
Destroyer of the Iron Horse: General Joseph E. Johnston and Confederate Rail Transport, 1861–1865
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1991), 186; Goff,
Confederate Supply
, 107–11, 195–99, 247; Charles W. Turner, “The Virginia Central Railroad at War, 1861–1865,”
Journal of Southern History
12 (November 1946): 511.

1
. “Richmond’s Bread Riot—Jefferson Davis Describes a Wartime Incident,”
New York Times
, April 30, 1889; “Reported Bread Riot at Richmond,”
Harper’s Weekly
, April 18, 1863, 243; Emory Thomas, “Wartime Richmond,”
Civil War Times Illustrated
16 (June 1977): 33–34.

2
. Stephanie McCurry, “Bread or Blood!”
Civil War Times
49 (June 2011): 37–41.

3
. Michael B. Chesson, “Harlots or Heroines? A New Look at the Richmond Bread Riot,”
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
92 (April 1984): 131–75.

4
. “Soldiers’ Wives” to Vance, March 21, 1863, in
The Papers of Zebulon Baird Vance
, 2:92; “The Bread Riot in Mobile,”
New York Times
, October 1, 1863; “Another Bread Riot,”
Harper’s Weekly
, October 10, 1863.

5
. Emory Thomas,
The Confederate Nation, 1861–1865
(New York: Harper & Row, 1979), 204.

6
. William Marvel,
Burnside
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 5, 11–12, 14–15, 50–61, 99–100, 159–60.

7
. Ethan Rafuse,
Antietam, South Mountain and Harpers Ferry: A Battlefield Guide
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008), 101–6; Ethan S. Rafuse, “‘Poor Burn’? The Antietam Conspiracy That Wasn’t,”
Civil War History
54 (June 2008): 169–73.

8
. Frank A. O’Reilly,
The Fredericksburg Campaign: Winter War on the Rappahannock
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003), 49.

9
. George C. Rable,
Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg!
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 81, 87–88; E. J. Stackpole,
The Fredericksburg Campaign: Drama on the Rappahannock
(Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 1991 [1957]), 84–87.

10
. William B. Franklin, “The Battle of Fredericksburg,” in
The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events
, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1867), 10:160.

11
. O’Reilly,
The Fredericksburg Campaign
, 431–32, 436, 440;
Civil War Letters of George Washington Whitman
, ed. Jerome M. Loving (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1975), 78.

12
. Robert G. Carter, “Four Brothers in Blue,”
Maine Bugle
5 (October 1898): 357; Daniel E. Sutherland,
Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville: The Dare Mark Campaign
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), 91.

13
. Darius N. Couch, “Sumner’s ‘Right Grand Division,’” in
Battles and Leaders
, 3:119; Slocum, in Stephen R. Taaffe,
Commanding the Army of the Potomac
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006), 120.

14
. Alexander K. McClure,
Recollections of Half a Century
(Salem, MA: Salem Press Company, 1902), 348;
The Civil War Diaries of Col. Theodore B. Gates, 20th New York State Militia
, ed. Seward R. Osborne (Hightstown, NJ: Longstreet House, 1991), 60; Stephen W. Sears,
Chancellorsville
(New York: Houghton-Mifflin, 1996), 120.

15
. Lincoln, “To Joseph Hooker,” January 26, 1863, in
Collected Works
, 6:78–79.

16
. “General Orders No. 47,” April 30, 1863, in
The War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 25(I):171.

17
. Edward G. Longacre,
The Commanders of Chancellorsville: The Gentleman vs. the Rogue
(Nashville, TN: Rutledge Hill Press, 2005), 160; John Bigelow,
The Campaign of Chancellorsville: A Strategic and Tactical Study
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1910), 259.

18
. John Selby,
Stonewall Jackson as Military Commander
(New York: Barnes and Noble, 1999), 191–93.

19
. James I. Robertson,
Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend
(New York: Macmillan, 1997), 171;
Life of David Bell Birney, Major-General United States Volunteers
(Philadelphia: King and Baird, 1867), 144.

20
. Brooks, “The Effect,” May 8, 1863, in
Lincoln Observed
, 50; Michael Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 2:498–500; Ernest B. Furgurson,
Chancellorsville 1863: The Souls of the Brave
(New York: Knopf, 1992), 332.

21
.
Civil War Diaries of Theodore Gates
, 60, 63.

22
. George Henry Mills,
History of the 16th North Carolina Regiment in the Civil War
(Hamilton, NY: Edmonston, 1992 [1903]), 33.

23
. Sears,
Chancellorsville
, 365; Edwin De Leon,
Secret History of Confederate Diplomacy Abroad
, ed. William C. Davis (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), 107.

24
. “In the Words of His Own Men: As They Saw General Lee,” ed. Everard H. Smith,
Civil War Times Illustrated
25 (October 1986): 22.

25
. Douglas Southall Freeman,
Lee’s Lieutenants: A Study in Command
, vol. 2:
Cedar Mountain to Chancellorsville
(New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1943), 510–14; Justus Scheibert,
Seven Months in the Rebel States During the North American War
, ed. W. M. S. Hoole (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2009 [1958]), 75; Lee to James Longstreet, March 21, 1863, in
The Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee
, eds. Clifford Dowdey and Louis Manarin (Boston: Little, Brown, 1961), 416.

26
. William Seymour,
The Civil War Memoirs of Captain William J. Seymour: Reminiscences of a Louisiana Tiger
, ed. Terry L. Jones (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991), 49; Mills,
History of the 16th North Carolina
, 18.

27
. William Garrett Piston,
Lee’s Tarnished Lieutenant: James Longstreet and His Place in Southern History
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 2–5; Donald C. Pfanz,
Richard S. Ewell: A Soldier’s Life
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 7–8, 33; James I. Robertson,
General A. P. Hill: The Story of a Confederate Warrior
(New York: Random House, 1987), 5–7, 303.

28
. Nolan,
Lee Considered
, 9–29.

29
. Davis to Lee, August 11, 1863, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 29(II):640.

30
. “Memoranda of Conversations Between General Robert E. Lee and William Preston Johnston, May 7, 1868, and March 18, 1870,” ed. W. G. Bean,
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
73 (October 1965): 475;
Memoirs of Colonel John S. Mosby
(Nashville, TN: J. B. Sanders, 1995 [1917]), 374; Douglas Southall Freeman,
R. E. Lee: A Biography
(New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1935), 2: 92.

31
. “Memoranda of Conversations between General Robert E. Lee and William Preston Johnston,” 479.

32
. Lee to Mary Custis Lee, December 25, 1861, G. W. C. Lee, January 4, 1862, and James A. Seddon, June 8, 1863, in
Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee
, 12, 96, 98, 505; Lee to Jefferson Davis, June 10, 1863, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 27(III):882.

33
. Grady McWhiney and Perry D. Jamieson,
Attack and Die: Civil War Military Tactics and the Southern Heritage
(University: University of Alabama Press, 1982), 19; Lee to Davis, September 21, 1863, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 19(I):143.

34
. A. R. Boteler, “Stonewall Jackson in the Campaign of 1862,”
Southern Historical Society Papers
40 (September 1915): 165; Henry Kyd Douglas,
I Rode with Stonewall, Being Chiefly the War Experiences of the Youngest Member of Jackson’s Staff
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968), 113; Lee to Jefferson Davis, June 5, 1862, and September 4, 1862, in
Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee
, 183–84, 288.

35
. “Letter from Major General Heth, of A. P. Hill’s Corps, A.N.V.,”
Southern Historical Society Papers
4 (October 1877): 153–54.

36
. Lee to Hood, May 21, 1863, in
Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee
, 490; Thomas L. Connelly,
The Marble Man: Robert E. Lee and His Image in American Society
(New York: Knopf, 1977), 202–3.

37
. Lee to Mary Custis Lee, March 9, 1863, in
Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee
, 413.

38
. J. R. Jones,
Life and Letters of Robert Edward Lee: Soldier and Man
(Harrisonburg, VA: Sprinkle, 1978 [1906]), 200, 207; Freeman,
R. E. Lee
, 3:268.

39
. Lee to Jefferson Davis, May 20, 1863, in
Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee
, 488; “Special Orders No. 146,” May 30, 1863, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 25(II):840.