Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction (123 page)

17
. See the tables James M. McPherson created from data on Union enlistees and on Confederate soldiers (based on profiles assembled by Bell I. Wiley) in James M. McPherson,
Ordeal by Fire
, 359.

18
. Frank E. Fields,
28th Virginia Infantry
(Lynchburg, VA: H. E. Howard, 1985), 1–4; Lee A. Wallace,
3rd Virginia Infantry
(Lynchburg, VA: H. E. Howard, 1986), 1, 2, 7, 16; Rod Gragg,
Covered with Glory: The 26th North Carolina Infantry at Gettysburg
(New York: HarperCollins, 2000), 9–10; William B. Jordan,
Red Diamond Regiment: The 17th Maine Infantry, 1862–1865
(Shippensburg, PA: White Mane, 1996), 3–4.

19
. John D. Billings,
Hardtack and Coffee, or The Unwritten Story of Army Life
(Boston: G. M. Smith, 1887), 38; Glatthaar,
General Lee’s Army
, 38.

20
. Billings,
Hardtack and Coffee
, 41.

21
. Isaac O. Best,
History of the 121st New York State Infantry
(Chicago: J. H. Smith, 1921), 3; William J. Miller,
The Training of an Army: Camp Curtin and the North’s Civil War
(Shippensburg, PA: White Mane, 1990), 237–38.

22
. Charles E. Davis,
Three Years in the Army: The Story of the Thirteenth Massachusetts
(Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1893), 9.

23
. Michael Bacarella,
Lincoln’s Foreign Legion: The 39th New York Infantry, The Garibaldi Guard
(Shippensburg, PA: White Mane, 1996), 31.

24
. Goss, “Going to the Front,” in
Battles and Leaders
, 1:152.

25
. Clay McCauley, “From Chancellorsville to Libby Prison,” in
Glimpses of the Nation’s Struggle: A Series of Papers Read before the Minnesota Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
(St. Paul, MN: St. Paul Book and Stationery, 1887), 1:191.

26
. Richmond
Daily Whig
, May 22, 1861, in
Richmond in Time of War
, ed. W. J. Kimball (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 8; Henry E. Handerson,
Yankee in Gray: The Civil War Memoirs of Henry E. Handerson with a Selection of His Wartime Letters
, ed. C. L. Cummer (Cleveland, OH: Press of Western Reserve University, 1962), 29–30.

27
. Charles S. Wainwright,
A Diary of Battle: The Personal Journals of Colonel Charles S. Wainwright, 1861–1865
, ed. Allan Nevins (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1962), 22; Jimerson,
The Private Civil War
, 201.

28
. Lee to Jefferson Davis, July 29, 1863, in
The War of the Rebellion
, 27(III):1048; Justus Scheibert,
Seven Months in the Rebel States During the North American War
, ed. W. M. S. Hoole (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2009 [1958]), 75; James I. Robertson,
Soldiers Blue and Gray
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988), 124.

29
. Jimerson,
The Private Civil War
, 206.

30
. J. William Jones, “The Morale of General Lee’s Army,” in
Annals of the War
, 200; Thomas W. Hyde,
Following the Greek Cross; or, Memories of the Sixth Army Corps
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2005), 37; Reid Mitchell, “The Northern Soldier and His Community,” in
Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays
, ed. Maris A. Vinovskis (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 82; Joseph T. Glatthaar,
The March to the Sea and Beyond: Sherman’s Troops in the Savannah and Carolinas Campaigns
(New York: New York University Press, 1985), 26.

31
. John W. Powell, “How to Pick Out Bad Officers,”
Civil War Times Illustrated
30 (March/April 1991): 46–49.

32
. T. Harry Williams,
Hayes of the Twenty-Third: The Civil War Volunteer Officer
(New York: Knopf, 1965): 30–31; Alan T. Nolan,
The Iron Brigade: A Military History
(Madison: Wisconsin State Historical Society, 1975), 182; Frank Wilkeson,
Recollections of a Private Soldier of the Army of the Potomac
(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1887), 21–22.

33
. Hewett, in Jay Luvaas,
The Military Legacy of the Civil War: The European Inheritance
(Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1999 [1959]), 27; David L. Thompson, “With Burnside at Antietam,” in
Battles and Leaders
, 2:660; Sherman,
Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman
, 885–86; “Address of General D. H. Hill,” October 22, 1885, in
Southern Historical Society Papers
13 (January–December 1885): 261.

34
. Bell I. Wiley,
The Life of Billy Yank
, 51; Brent Nosworthy,
The Bloody Crucible of Courage: Fighting Methods and Combat Experience of the Civil War
(New York: Carroll and Graf, 2005), 144–45; “Report of Col. William B. Franklin,” July 28, 1861, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 2:407.

35
. Miller,
Training of an Army
, 115; Ulysses S. Grant, “The Battle of Shiloh,” in
Battles and Leaders
, 1:473.

36
. Robertson,
Soldiers Blue and Gray
, 19.

37
. Philip Haythornewaite,
British Napoleonic Infantry Tactics, 1792–1815
(Oxford: Osprey, 2008), 23; Strachan,
From Waterloo to Balaclava
, 32.

38
. Earl J. Hess,
The Rifle Musket in Civil War Combat: Reality and Myth
(Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2008), 24–25; Joseph G. Bilby,
Civil War Firearms: Their Historical Background, Tactical Use and Modern Collecting and Shooting
(Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, 1996), 62–66.

39
. Hess,
The Rifle Musket in Civil War Combat
, 17–18; W. W. Greener,
Modern Breech-loaders: Sporting and Military
(London: Cassell, Petter and Galpin, 1871), 186–87.

40
. Charles Augustus Stevens,
Berdan’s United States Sharpshooters in the Army of the Potomac, 1861–1865
(St. Paul, MN: Price-McGill, 1892), 7; Roy M. Marcot,
U.S. Sharpshooters: Berdan’s Civil War Elite
(Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2007), 47–48; Robert V. Bruce,
Lincoln and the Tools of War
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1956), 252–56, 261–64.

41
. “The Column of Attack,”
Colburn’s United Service Magazine and Military Journal
70 (1852): 199; Ian Fletcher and Natalia Ishchenko,
The Battle of the Alma: First Blood to the Allies in the Crimea
(South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword, 2008), 140; Michael Barthorp,
The British Army on Campaign, 1816–1902: The Crimea, 1854–1856
(Oxford: Osprey, 1987), 3, 9–10, 11.

42
.
History of the Nineteenth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1861–1865
, ed. E. L. Waite (Salem, MA: Salem Press, 1906), 180–81.

43
. George Washington Whitman,
Civil War Letters of George Washington Whitman
, ed. Jerome M. Loving (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1975), 56; James M. Williams,
From That Terrible Field: Civil War Letters of James M. Williams, Twenty-first Alabama Infantry Volunteers
, ed. John Kent Folmar (University: University of Alabama Press, 1981), 60.

44
. George Michael Neese,
Three Years in the Confederate Horse Artillery
(New York: Neale, 1911), 261; Earl J. Hess,
Pickett’s Charge: The Last Attack at Gettysburg
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 197–98.

45
. William Valmore Izlar,
A Sketch of the War Record of the Edisto Rifles, 1861–1865
(Columbia, SC: State, 1914), 55–57; Nosworthy,
Bloody Crucible of Courage
, 30–34; Hess,
The Rifle Musket
, 30.

46
. Cadmus M. Wilcox,
Rifles and Rifle Practice: An Elementary Treatise upon the Theory of Rifle Firing
(New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1859), 238.

47
. Napier to Sir John Pennefather, March 11, 1846, in Henry Knollys,
Life of General Sir Hope Grant: With Selections from His Correspondence
(Edinburgh: W. Blackwood, 1894), 1:97; Saul David,
The Indian Mutiny: 1857
(New York: Viking, 2002), 250; Brooks,
Solferino 1859
, 26.

48
. Patrick Marder, “The French Campaign of 1859,”
Military History Online
,
www.militaryhistoryonline.com/19thcentury/articles/frenchcampaignof1859.aspx
; Friedrich Engels, “The History of the Rifle,” December 29, 1860, in
Engels as Military Critic: Articles Reprinted from the Volunteer Journal and the Manchester Guardian of the 1860s
, ed. W. H. Chaloner and W. O. Henderson (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1959), 64.

49
. Nosworthy,
Roll Call to Destiny
, 20.

50
. Henry Charles Fletcher,
History of the American War
(London: R. Bentley, 1866), 3:366; Gerald F. Linderman,
Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War
(New York: Free Press, 1987), 250; Elisha Paxton, October 12, 1862, in John G. Paxton,
Memoir and Memorials: Elisha Franklin Paxton, Brigadier-General, C.S.A
. (New York: Neale, 1907), 66.

51
. Fairfax Downey,
Sound of the Guns: The Story of American Artillery from the Ancient and Honorable Company to the Atom Cannon and Guided Missile
(New York: D. McKay, 1956), 121; William E. Birkhimer,
Historical Sketch of the Organization, Administration, Matériel and Tactics of the Artillery, United States Army
(Washington, DC: J. J. Chapman, 1884), 286–87;
The Ordnance Manual for the Use of the Officers of the United States Army
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1862), 14, 18–21; J. G. Benton,
A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery Compiled for the Use of the Cadets of the United States Military Academy
(New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1862), 112–13, 166–68, 516–23; Scheibert, in Luvaas,
Military Legacy of the Civil War
, 66.

52
. William W. Strong,
History of the 121st Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers: “An Account from the Ranks”
(Philadelphia: Catholic Standard and Times, 1906), 31; “The Rifle and the Spade, or the Future of Field Operations,”
Journal of the United Service Institution
3 (1860): 173–74; Henry Nichols Blake,
Three Years in the Army of the Potomac
(Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1866), 217; R. L. Murray,
E. P. Alexander and the Artillery Action in the Peach Orchard
(Wolcott, NY: Benedum Books, 2000), 7–8; Richard Holmes,
Sahib: The British Soldier in India, 1750–1914
(London: HarperCollins, 2005), 337; Joseph A. Frank and George A. Reaves,
Seeing the Elephant: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh
(New York: Greenwood Press, 1989), 103, 136.

53
. George K. Dauchy, “The Battle of Ream’s Station,” May 8, 1890, in
Military Essays and Recollections: Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Illinois, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
(Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1899), 136.

54
. Paddy Griffith,
French Napoleonic Infantry Tactics, 1792–1815
(Oxford: Osprey, 2007), 52–53; John Gibbon,
The Artillerist’s Manual, Compiled from Various Sources and Adapted to the Service of the United States
(New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1860), 389; J. M. Spearman,
The British Gunner
(London: Parker, Furneval and Parker, 1844), n.p.

55
. Stephen Z. Starr,
The Union Cavalry in the Civil War: The War in the East from Gettysburg to Appomattox, 1863–1865
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981), 14; Weigley,
Quartermaster General of the Union Army
, 257; J. Boone Bartholomees,
Buff Facings and Gilt Buttons: Staff and Headquarters Operations in the Army of Northern Virginia, 1861–1865
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1998), 62–63.

56
. Michael Asher,
Khartoum: The Ultimate Imperial Adventure
(New York: Viking, 2005), 112; Richard Taylor,
Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences of the Late War
, ed. Charles P. Roland (Waltham, MA: Blaisdell, 1968 [1879]), 53; Zebulon Vance to James Seddon, December 21, 1863, in
The War of the Rebellion
, 2:1061–62.

57
. Strachan,
From Waterloo to Balaclava
, 75, 77.

58
. Weigley,
The American Way of War
, 71;
Memoirs of Colonel John S. Mosby
(Nashville, TN: J. B. Sanders, 1995 [1917]), 30; Fremantle,
Three Months in the Southern States—April-June 1863
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991 [1864]), 284–85; Griffith,
Battle Tactics of the Civil War
, 181–86.

59
. Stevens,
Berdan’s United States Sharpshooters
, 20; Basil L. Gildersleeve, “A Southerner in the Peloponnesian War,”
Atlantic Monthly
80 (September 1897): 338; Theodore Wilder,
The History of Company C, Seventh Regiment, O.V.I
. (Oberlin, OH: J. B. T. Marsh, 1866), 6; St. Clair A. Mulholland,
The Story of the 116th Regiment, Pennsylvania Infantry
(Baltimore, MD: Butternut and Blue, 1991 [1895]), 184.

60
.
The Civil War Diaries of Col. Theodore B. Gates, 20th New York State Militia
, ed. Seward R. Osborne (Hightstown, NJ: Longstreet House, 1991), 152; Mark H. Dunkelman,
Brothers One and All: Esprit de Corps in a Civil War Regiment
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004), 181; Wightman,
From Antietam to Fort Fisher
, 74, 97; Scott Nelson and Carol Sheriff,
A People At War: Civilians and Soldiers in America’s Civil War, 1854–1877
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 221.

61
.
Civil War Letters of George Washington Whitman
, 88.

62
. Robert M. Epstein, “The Creation and Evolution of the Army Corps in the American Civil War,”
Journal of Military History
55 (January 1991): 21–46; Lawrence Kreiser,
Defeating Lee: A History of the Second Army Corps, Army of the Potomac
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011), 4–5.