Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction (127 page)

40
. “The Rebs Are Yet Thick Around Us: The Civil War Diary of Amos Stouffer of Chambersburg,”
Civil War History
38 (September 1992): 214–15; Wilbur Sturtevant Nye,
Here Come the Rebels!
(Dayton, OH: Morningside Press, 1984), 184–85; Ted Alexander, “A Regular Slave Hunt,”
North and South
4 (September 2001): 84–88.

41
. William Swallow, “From Fredericksburg to Gettysburg,” in
Gettysburg Sources
, ed. J. and J. Mclean (Baltimore: Butternut and Blue, 1987), 2:2–3; Stephen Sears,
Gettysburg
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003), 202.

42
. Kent Masterson Brown,
Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics, and the Pennsylvania Campaign
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), 16.

43
. Harry W. Pfanz,
Gettysburg: The First Day
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 21, 344.

44
. Freeman Cleaves,
Meade of Gettysburg
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960), 122–24; George Meade Jr.,
The Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade, Major-General, United States Army
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1913), 2:2–5; Ethan S. Rafuse,
George Gordon Meade and the War in the East
(Abilene, TX: McWhiney Foundation Press, 2003), 24.

45
. Douglas Craig Haines, “‘Lights Mingled with Shadows’: Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell—July 1, 1863,”
Gettysburg Magazine
45 (July 2011): 68–70.

46
. Harry W. Pfanz,
Gettysburg: The Second Day
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), 486; John J. Pullen,
The Twentieth Maine
(Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1957), 124.

47
. Hess,
Pickett’s Charge
, 9–19; Scott Bowden and Bill Ward,
Last Chance for Victory: Robert E. Lee and the Gettysburg Campaign
(New York: Da Capo, 2001), 427–70; George R. Stewart,
Pickett’s Charge: A Microhistory of the Final Attack at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863
(Dayton, OH: Morningside Press, 1980), 263, 295–97.

48
. Gorgas, diary entry for July 28, 1863, in
The Journals of Josiah Gorgas
, 75.

49
. Capt. Frank Imboden, diary entry for July 17–18, 1863, in Spencer C. Tucker,
Brigadier General John D. Imboden: Confederate Commander in the Shenandoah
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2003), 150, 172.

50
. William Hesseltine,
Lincoln and the War Governors
, 312.

51
. “Occupation of Nashville,” February 26, 1862, in
The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events
, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1862), 4:205; Engle,
Buell
, 185, 316–20.

52
. Whitelaw Reid,
Ohio in the War: Her Statesmen, Her Generals, and Soldiers
(New York: Moore, Wilstach and Baldwin, 1868), 1:313–14, 325–26, 328–29; Garfield to Lucretia Garfield, February 13, 1863, in
The Wild Life of the Army: Civil War Letters of James A. Garfield
, ed. F. D. Williams (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1964), 233.

53
. Davis to J. A. Seddon, December 18, 1862, in
Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist: Letters, Papers and Speeches
, ed. Dunbar Rowland (Jackson: Mississippi Department of Archives and History, 1923), 5:386; Hudson Strode,
Jefferson Davis: Confederate President
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1959), 2:344–45.

54
. James Lee McDonough,
Stones River—Bloody Winter in Tennessee
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980), 118–22; William M. Lamars,
The Edge of Glory: A Biography of General William S. Rosecrans, U.S.A
. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999), 213–14, 219, 223, 225, 233–36.

55
. Peter Cozzens,
No Better Place to Die: The Battle of Stones River
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 172–74; Robert P. Broadwater,
General George H. Thomas: A Biography of the Union’s “Rock of Chickamauga”
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009), 100–101; Wilson J. Vance,
Stone’s River: The Turning-Point of the Civil War
(New York: Neale, 1914), 56–57.

56
. Cleburne to Bragg, January 13, 1863, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 20(I):684.

57
. McWhiney,
Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat
, 374, 378.

58
. J. P. McCown to Braxton Bragg, July 17, 1862, and “Special Orders No. 3,” September 25, 1862, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 16(I):801, 16(II):876–77; Thomas Jordan and J. P. Pryor,
The Campaigns of Lieut. Gen. N.B. Forrest, and of Forrest’s Cavalry
(New Orleans: Blelock, 1868), 162, 172–81; John Allan Wyeth,
That Devil Forrest: The Life of General Nathan Bedford Forrest
(New York: Harper, 1959), 92–125; Thomas A. Head,
Campaigns and Battles of the Sixteenth Regiment, Tennessee Volunteers, in the War Between the States
(Nashville, TN: Cumberland Presbyterian, 1885), 425.

59
. Morton,
The Artillery of Nathan Bedford Forrest’s Cavalry
(Paris, TN: Guild Bindery Press, 1988 [1909]), 12, 13.

60
. Ibid., 16–17.

61
. Louis Garesché,
Biography of Lieut. Col. Julius P. Garesché, Assistant Adjutant-General, U.S. Army
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1887), 439; Halleck to Rosecrans February 1, 1863, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 22(II):31; Lamars,
The Edge of Glory
, 267–68.

62
. “General Halleck’s Report of Operations in 1863,” November 15, 1863, in
The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events
, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1865), 8:181; Freeman Cleaves,
Rock of Chickamauga: The Life of General George H. Thomas
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1948), 149–50.

63
. Steven E. Woodworth,
Six Armies in Tennessee: The Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), 65.

64
. Dana,
Recollections of the Civil War
, 115, 117.

65
. “Report of Brigadier-General B. R. Johnson,” October 26, 1863, in
Rebellion Record
, 10:407–16; Peter Cozzens,
This Terrible Sound: The Battle of Chickamauga
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), 357–73; Glenn Tucker,
Chickamauga: Bloody Battle in the West
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1963), 250–77.

66
. John Hay, diary entry for October 19 and October 24, 1863, in
Inside Lincoln’s White House
, 94, 98; James Lee McDonough,
Chattanooga—A Death Grip on the Confederacy
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984), 45–46; Charles A. Dana to Stanton, October 18, 1863, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 30(I):221.

67
. Ulysses S. Grant, “Personal Memoirs,” in
Memoirs and Selected Letters
, ed. M. D. McFeely and W. S. McFeely (New York: Library of America, 1990), 388–89; Alexander K. McClure,
Lincoln and Men of War-Times
(Philadelphia: Times, 1892), 196; Carpenter,
Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln
, 247.

68
. Dana,
Recollections of the Civil War
, 61; Wiley Sword,
Mountains Touched with Fire: Chattanooga Besieged, 1863
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995), 53; Bruce Catton,
Grant Takes Command
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1968), 34–35.

69
. W. F. Dowd, “Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge,”
The Southern Bivouac
1 (November 1885): 399; Larry J. Daniel,
Days of Glory: The Army of the Cumberland, 1861–1865
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004), 375–76; Thomas L. Connelly,
Autumn of Glory: The Army of Tennessee, 1862–1865
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971), 275–76.

70
. McDonough,
Chattanooga
, 35.

71
. “Speech of A. H. Stephens,” in
The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events
, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1861), 1:45; Marilyn Mayer Culpeper,
Trials and Triumphs: Women of the American Civil War
(East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1991), 21; Jim Jeffcoat, in Armstead L. Robinson,
Bitter Fruits of Bondage: The Demise of Slavery and the Collapse of the Confederacy, 1861–1865
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2005), 82; Mosby,
Memoirs
, 19.

72
. Gary W. Gallagher, “An Old-Fashioned Soldier in a Modern War? Robert E. Lee as Confederate General,”
Civil War History
45 (December 1999): 311–12; Lee, in “Memoranda of Conversations Between General Robert E. Lee and William Preston Johnston, May 7, 1868, and March 18, 1870,” 479; Pollard,
The Lost Cause
, 46, 49.

73
. Shorter, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series Four, 1:773; Malcolm C. McMillan,
The Disintegration of a Confederate State: Three Governors and Alabama’s Wartime Home Front, 1861–1865
(Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1986), 33.

74
. “Henry L. Benning’s Secessionist Speech,” in
Secession Debated: Georgia’s Showdown in 1860
, 142.

75
.
Southern Editorials on Secession
, ed. Dumond, 408.

76
. “Constitution of the ‘Confederate States of America,’” March 11, 1861, in
Rebellion Record
, 2:321–27; “Constitution of the ‘Confederate’ States,” in
Political History of the Rebellion
, 98–100; Marshall L. DeRosa,
The Confederate Constitution of 1861: An Inquiry into American Constitutionalism
(Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1991), 23, 40–44, 91–101.

77
. Davis, “Inaugural Address of the President of the Provisional Government,” February 18, 1861, in
Messages and Papers of Jefferson Davis and the Confederacy
, 1:35.

78
. Reagan,
Memoirs with Special Reference to Secession and the Civil War
(New York: Neale, 1906), 252; William J. Cooper,
Jefferson Davis, American
(New York: Knopf/Random House, 2000), 351–57; Morris Schaff,
Jefferson Davis: His Life and Personality
(Boston: J. W. Luce, 1922), 76.

79
. Steven E. Woodworth,
Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990), 305–16.

80
. Davis to W. M. Brooks, March 13, 1862, and to Varina Davis, June 11, 1862, in
Jefferson Davis: Letters, Papers and Speeches
, 5: 216–17, 272; Davis,
Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour
, 504.

81
. John Sergeant Wise,
The End of an Era
(Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1901), 401–2; Eli N. Evans,
Judah P. Benjamin: The Jewish Confederate
(New York: Free Press, 1988), 147–48.

82
. Burton Jesse Hendrick,
Statesmen of the Lost Cause: Jefferson Davis and His Cabinet
(New York: Literary Guild, 1939), 188; Jon L. Wakelyn, “Christopher Gustavus Memminger,” in
Leaders of the American Civil War: A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary
, ed. C. F. Ritter and Jon L. Wakelyn (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998), 288–95.

83
. Strode,
Jefferson Davis
, 2:17–18; Henry Dickson Capers,
The Life and Times of C. G. Memminger
(Richmond, VA: Everett Waddey, 1893), 10–11.

84
. Douglas B. Ball,
Financial Failure and Confederate Defeat
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991), 85–98, 128–29; Eaton,
A History of the Southern Confederacy
, 135.

85
. Gorgas, diary entry for October 29, 1863, in
Journals of Josiah Gorgas
, 85.

86
. Thomas Alexander and Richard Beringer,
The Anatomy of the Confederate Congress: A Study of the Influences of Member Characteristics on Legislative Voting Behavior, 1861–1865
(Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 1972), 406ff.; Wilfred Buck Yearns,
The Confederate Congress
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1960), 9–10, 15–16; Gaither to Zebulon Vance, April 24, 1863, in
Papers of Zebulon Baird Vance
, 2:131–32; John E. Gonzales, “Henry Stuart Foote: Confederate Congressman and Exile,”
Civil War History
11 (December 1965): 390; Clement Eaton,
Jefferson Davis
(New York: Free Press, 1977), 211; Eaton,
A History of the Southern Confederacy
, 63; Peter J. Parish,
The American Civil War
(New York: Holmes and Meier, 1975), 218–19.

87
. Davis, “To the Senate and House of Representatives of the Confederate States,” March 28 and August 18, 1862,
Messages and Papers
, 1:205–6, 236; “The Rebel Conscription Law,” in
The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events
, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1864), 1(Supp.):324–25; David J. Eicher,
Dixie Betrayed: How the South Really Lost the Civil War
(New York: Little, Brown, 2006), 104, 217.

88
. Joseph H. Parks,
Joseph E. Brown of Georgia
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977), 204; Brown to Stephens, July 2, 1863, in
The Correspondence of Robert Toombs, Alexander H. Stephens, and Howell Cobb
, ed. U. B. Phillips (Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 1913), 598; Albert Burton Moore,
Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy
(New York: Macmillan, 1924), 24, 298–99; Yearns,
The Confederate Congress
, 83.

89
. Phelan to Davis, December 9, 1862, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 17(II):790; Robinson,
Bitter Fruits of Bondage
, 183–87; Paul D. Escott,
After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978), 120; Moore,
Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy
, 71.