Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction (130 page)

73
. Joseph George, “The World Will Little Note? The Philadelphia Press and the Gettysburg Address,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
114 (July 1990): 394–96.

74
. Drew Gilpin Faust,
A Sacred Circle: The Dilemma of the Intellectual in the Old South, 1840–1860
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), 83–84; O’Brien,
Conjectures of Order
, 1:531, 2:747–48.

75
. “The Future of Our Confederacy,”
DeBow’s Review
31 (July 1861): 40.

76
. Thomas Dew,
A Digest of the Laws, Customs, Manners, and Institutions of the Ancient and Modern Nations
(New York: D. Appleton, 1853), 587.

77
. O’Brien,
Conjectures of Order
, 2:996, 1012; Nathaniel Beverly Tucker,
A Series of Lectures on the Science of Government Intended to Prepare the Student for the Study of the Constitution of the United States
(Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1845), 43, 67.

78
. J. Q. Moore, “The Belligerents,”
DeBow’s Review
31 (July 1861): 73–74; James Thorwell,
The Life and Letters of James Henley Thornwell
, ed. Benjamin Morgan Palmer (Richmond: Whittet and Shepperson, 1875), 482–83; William W. Freehling, “James Henley Thornwell’s Mysterious Antislavery Moment,”
Journal of Southern History
57 (August 1991): 396–406.

79
. J. W. Phelps to R. S. Davis, June 16, 1862, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 15:488; George W. Bick-nell,
History of the Fifth Regiment Maine Volunteers, Comprising Brief Descriptions of Its Marches, Engagements, and General Services
(Portland, ME: H. L. Davis, 1871), 69.

80
. Michael T. Bernath,
Confederate Minds: The Struggle for Intellectual Independence in the Civil War South
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), 182–204; Drew Gilpin Faust,
The Creation of Confederate Nationalism: Ideology and Identity in the Civil War South
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 24–26, 69.

81
. DeBow, “Editorial,”
DeBow’s Review
34 (July 1864): 98; Bernath,
Confederate Minds
, 268.

82
. Palmer,
Thanksgiving Sermon, Delivered at the First Presbyterian Church, New Orleans, November 29, 1860
(New York: G. F. Nesbitt, 1861), 7, 12–13.

83
. Hammond, diary entry for October 3, 1854, in
Secret and Sacred: The Diaries of James Henry Hammond, A Southern Slaveholder
, ed. Carol Bleser (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 264; O’Brien,
Conjectures of Order
, 2:955; Thornwell, “Sermon on National Sins,” in
The Collected Writings of James Henley Thornwell
, ed. John B. Adger (Richmond, VA: Presbyterian Committee of Publication, 1871–1873), 4:511; William White Narrative, R. L. Dabney Papers, Southern Historical Collection; Eaton,
A History of the Southern Confederacy
, 105.

84
. Hoge, May 15, 1865, in Peyton Harrison Hoge,
Moses Drury Hoge: Life and Letters
(Richmond: Presbyterian Committee of Publication, 1899), 235; Daniel W. Stowell,
Rebuilding Zion: The Religious Reconstruction of the South, 1863–1877
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 38–40; Gorgas, diary entry for July 17, 1863, in
The Journals of Josiah Gorgas
, 75; Eugene D. Genovese,
A Consuming Fire: The Fall of the Confederacy in the Mind of the White Christian South
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998), 37–38, 54–55, 63–71.

85
. Bushnell, “Popular Government by Divine Right,” in
God Ordained This War: Sermons on the Sectional Crisis, 1830–1865
, ed. D. B. Cheseborough (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991), 104, 117.

86
. James H. Moorhead,
American Apocalypse: Yankee Protestants and the Civil War, 1860–1869
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978), 41, 50, 62, 76; Carwardine,
Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America
, 99–103, 286–90, 307.

87
. Hollis Read,
The Coming Crisis of the World, or, The Great Battle and the Golden Age
(Columbus, OH: Follett, Foster, 1861), 242.

88
. Mark A. Noll,
The Civil War as a Theological Crisis
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 44–45.

89
. Strong, diary entry for November 5, 1862, in
Diary of the Civil War
, 272.

90
. Drew G. Faust, “Christian Soldiers: The Meaning of Revivalism in the Confederate Army,”
Journal of Southern History
53 (February 1987): 73–75; Morton Borden, “The Christian Amendment,”
Civil War History
25 (June 1979): 160.

91
. Charles Grandison Finney, sermon outline, 1863, in Finney Papers, Oberlin College Archives.

92
. Edward King Wightman,
From Antietam to Fort Fisher: The Civil War Letters of Edward King Wightman, 1862–1865
, ed. E. G. Longacre (Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1985), 56; Robertson,
Soldiers Blue and Gray
, 227; Linderman,
Embattled Courage
, 128.

93
. Anne Rose,
Victorian America and the Civil War
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 17–66.

1
. William F. Hanna, “The Boston Draft Riot,”
Civil War History
36 (September 1990): 262–73.

2
. William P. Marchione,
Boston Miscellany: An Essential History of the Hub
(Charleston, SC: History Press, 2008), 110–11.

3
. Judith Ann Giesberg, “‘Lawless and Unprincipled’: Women in Boston’s Civil War Draft Riot,” in
Boston’s Histories: Essays in Honor of Thomas H. O’Connor
, ed. James O’Toole and David Quigley (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2004), 72.

4
. Hesseltine,
Lincoln and the War Governors
, 304–6.

5
. Giesberg, “‘Lawless and Unprincipled,’” 71–76.

6
. William Schouler,
A History of Massachusetts in the Civil War
(Boston: E. P. Dutton, 1868), 1:476–80; Robert D. Richardson,
William James: In the Maelstrom of American Modernism, A Biography
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007), 55.

7
. Grant to Dana, August 5, 1863, and Grant to Halleck, January 19, 1864, in
The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant
, 9:146–147 and 10:39–40; Grant to Halleck, December 7, 1863,
The War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 31(III):349–50; Stoker,
The Grand Design
, 344–49; Catton,
Grant Takes Command
, 101–2.

8
. Halleck to Grant, January 8 and February 16, 1864, and C. H. Dana to Grant, January 10, 1864, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 32(II):40–42, 58, 311, 313; Gary D. Joiner,
Through the Howling Wilderness: The 1864 Red River Campaign and Union Failure in the West
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 48–51; Ludwell H. Johnson,
Red River Campaign: Politics and Cotton in the Civil War
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1993 [1958]), 42–44.

9
. Halleck to Grant, March 6, 1864, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 32(III):26. Winfield Scott had enjoyed the
brevet
rank of lieutenant-general, but brevets were little more than honorary designations; Grant was the first to be designated as a
full
lieutenant-general since Washington.

10
. “Lieutenant General,” February 24, 1864,
Congressional Globe
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 797–98.

11
. Grant to Dana, August 5, 1863, in
Papers of Ulysses S. Grant
, 9:147.

12
. Jean Edward Smith,
Grant
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001), 292; James H. Wilson,
The Life of John A. Rawlins
(New York: Neale, 1916), 407; Hattaway and Jones,
How the North Won
, 517.

13
. Theodore Lyman, April 12, 1864, in
Meade’s Headquarters
, 81;
Civil War Letters of George Washington Whitman
, 114; William S. McFeely,
Grant: A Biography
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1981), 159.

14
. Wilkeson,
Recollections of a Private Soldier
, 36–37.

15
. Brooks D. Simpson,
Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 63–64; Grimsley,
And Keep Moving On
, 21–22.

16
. Stoker,
The Grand Design
, 351–54; Edward G. Longacre,
General Ulysses S. Grant: The Soldier and the Man
(Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2006), 212–16; John Hay, diary entry for April 30, 1864, in
Inside Lincoln’s White House
, 194.

17
. “Report of Lieut. Gen. U.S. Grant, U. S. Army, Commanding, Armies of the United States, of Operations, March, 1864–May, 1865,” July 22, 1865, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 34(I):18; “Lee’s Offensive Policy,”
Southern Historical Society Papers
9 (March 1881): 137; Nolan,
Lee Considered
, 85.

18
. Hagerman,
The American Civil War and The Origins of Modern Warfare
, 248; Grimsley,
And Keep Moving On
, 21–22; Andrew A. Humphreys,
The Virginia Campaign of ’64 and ’65: The Army of the Potomac and the Army of the James
(New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1883), 19; Longacre,
General Ulysses S. Grant
, 220.

19
. Gordon C. Rhea,
The Battle of the Wilderness May 5–6, 1864
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 9; Lee to G. W. C. Lee, April 9, 1864, in
The Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee
, 695–96.

20
. McHenry Howard,
Recollections of a Maryland Confederate Soldier and Staff Officer Under Johnston, Jackson, and Lee
(Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1914), 253; Gary W. Gallagher, “The Army of Northern Virginia in May 1864: A Crisis of High Command,”
Civil War History
36 (July 1990): 101–7; Gallagher,
Lee and His Army in Confederate History
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 202; E. Porter Alexander,
Military Memoirs of a Confederate: A Critical Narrative
(New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1907), 360; Rhea,
The Battle of the Wilderness
, 24.

21
. William Meade Dame,
From the Rapidan to Richmond and the Spottsylvania Campaign: A Sketch in Personal Narrative of Scenes a Soldier Saw
(Baltimore: Green-Lucas, 1920), 71–72.

22
. Judson,
History of the 83rd Pennsylvania Volunteers
, 94; David M. Jordan,
Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier’s Life
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), 119.

23
. J. Tracy Power,
Lee’s Miserables: Life in the Army of Northern Virginia from the Wilderness to Appomattox
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 23; Robert K. Krick, “‘Lee to the Rear,’ the Texans Cried,” in
The Wilderness Campaign
, ed. Gary Gallagher (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 182.

24
. Ulysses S. Grant, “Personal Memoirs,” 539.

25
. Catton,
Grant Takes Command
, 208; Wilkeson,
Recollections
, 80.

26
. Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold M. Hyman,
Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War
(New York: Knopf, 1962), 300; Hay, diary entry for May 9, 1864, in
Inside Lincoln’s White House
, 195; Grant, “Personal Memoirs,” 550–51.

27
. Henry Walter Thomas,
History of the Doles-Cook Brigade, Army of Northern Virginia, C.S.A
. (Atlanta: Franklin, 1903), 478–79; Stephen E. Ambrose,
Upton and the Army
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992 [1964]), 32.

28
. “Reports of Brig. Gen. Lewis A. Grant, U.S. Army, Commanding Second Brigade,” August 30, 1864, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 36(I), 704; John Cannan,
Bloody Angle: Hancock’s Assault on the Mule Shoe Salient, May 12, 1864
(Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2002), 153; William D. Matter,
If It Takes All Summer: The Battle of Spotsylvania
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 248–49.

29
. George Walsh,
Damage Them All You Can: Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia
(New York: Forge Books, 2002), 475.

30
. Gordon C. Rhea,
Cold Harbor: Grant and Lee, May 26–June 3, 1864
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002), 362; Ernest B. Furgurson,
Not War but Murder: Cold Harbor 1864
(New York: Knopf, 2000), 102.

31
. Humphreys,
The Virginia Campaign of ’64 and ’65
, 100; Grant, “Personal Memoirs,” 598; Catton,
Grant Takes Command
, 240–41; Edward H. Bonekemper,
Ulysses S. Grant: A Victor, Not a Butcher: The Military Genius of the Man Who Won the Civil War
(Lanham, MD: Regnery, 2004), 186, 191.

32
. “Report of Lieut. Gen. U.S. Grant,” July 22, 1865, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 34(I):18.

33
. Grant to Halleck, June 5, 1864, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 36(1):11.

34
. Smith,
Grant
, 372; Longacre,
General Ulysses S. Grant
, 237.

35
. Stoddard, in
Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln
, 426; T. Harry Williams,
Lincoln and His Generals
(New York, Knopf, 1952), 307; Catton,
Grant Takes Command
, 176–77; Lincoln, “To Ulysses S. Grant,” June 15, 1864, in
Collected Works
, 7:393.

36
. P. G. T. Beauregard, “Four Days of Battle at Petersburg,” in
Battles and Leaders
, 3:540–43; August V. Kautz, “The Siege of Petersburg: Two Failures to Capture the ‘Cockade City,’” in
Battles and Leaders
, ed. Cozzens, 6:401; Wilkeson,
Recollections
, 157–58; Bonekemper,
Ulysses S. Grant
, 190; Eppa Hunton, in Noah Andre Trudeau,
Bloody Roads South: The Wilderness to Cold Harbor, May–June 1864
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1989), 316; A. Wilson Greene,
Civil War Petersburg: Confederate City in the Crucible of War
(Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2006), 185–89.