Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction (134 page)

93
. Heather Cox Richardson,
The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post-Civil War North, 1865–1901
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 150; “United States v. Cruikshank,” in Samito, ed.,
Changes in Law and Society During the Civil War and Reconstruction
, 284.

94
. “An Act to Protect All Citizens in the Civil and Legal Rights,” March 3, 1875, in
Statutes at Large
, 43rd Congress, 2nd session (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1875), 18 (III):335–37.

95
.
Civil Rights Cases
was a combination of five civil suits:
United States v. Stanley, United States v. Ryan, United States v. Nichols, United States v. Singleton
, and
Robinson
et ux.
v. Memphis & Charleston R.R. Co
.; Neff,
Justice in Blue and Gray
, 148–49; Archibald Cox,
The Court and the Constitution
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987), 111; Douglass, “The Supreme Court Decision,” October 22, 1883, in
The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass
, ed. Philip S. Foner (New York: International Publishers, 1955), 4:393, 402.

96
. Paul A. Cimbala,
Under the Guardianship of the Nation: The Freedmen’s Bureau and the Reconstruction of Georgia, 1865–1870
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 209–16; John A. Carpenter,
Sword and Olive Branch: Oliver Otis Howard
(1964; New York: Fordham University Press, 1999), 136–56; James T. King,
War Eagle: A Life of General Eugene A. Carr
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964), 293; Bensel,
Yankee Leviathan
, 380.

97
. Glenna R. Schroeder-Lein and Richard Zuczek, eds.,
Andrew Johnson: A Biographical Companion
(Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2001), 7.

98
. David Mark Chalmers,
Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1981), 8–21; Wyn Craig Wade,
The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 31–53; Powell Clayton,
The Aftermath of the Civil War in Arkansas
(New York: Neale, 1915), 91–163; Ted Tunnell,
Crucible of Reconstruction: War, Radicalism, and Race in Louisiana, 1862–1877
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), 153; James Dauphine, “The Knights of the White Camelia and the Election of 1868: Louisiana’s White Terrorists; a Benighted Legacy,”
Louisiana History
30 (Spring 1989): 173–90; George C. Rable,
But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2007), 74–75.

99
. Perman,
Road to Redemption
, 16–17, 58–60, 66; Nelson and Sheriff,
A People At War
, 308.

100
. C. Vann Woodward,
Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1951), 166–69, 191–202, 216.

101
. Walter Allen,
Governor Chamberlain’s Administration in South Carolina: A Chapter of Reconstruction in the Southern States
(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1888), 481; Richard Zuczek,
State of Rebellion: Reconstruction in South Carolina
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996), 190–201; Current,
Those Terrible Carpetbaggers
, 361.

102
. Blanche Ames,
Adelbert Ames, 1835–1933: General, Senator, Governor
(North Easton, MA: Argosy-Antiquarian, 1964), 434; Current,
Those Terrible Carpetbaggers
, 323.

1
. Drew G. Faust,
This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War
(New York: Knopf, 2008), 255; Faust, “‘Numbers on Top of Numbers’: Counting the Civil War Dead,”
Journal of Military History
70 (October 2006): 1005–6; “By the President of the United States of America. A Proclamation,” in
Messages and Papers of the Presidents
, DC: Government Printing Office, 1908), 9:3632–36; Morris Schaff,
The Battle of the Wilderness
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1910), 210;
New York Monuments Commission for the Battlefields of Gettysburg and Chattanooga: Final Report on the Battlefield of Gettysburg
(Albany: J. B. Lyon, 1900), 1:91.

2
. William F. Fox,
Regimental Losses in the American Civil War, 1861–1865
(Albany, NY: Albany Publishing Co., 1889), 526; Frederick Dyer,
A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion
(Des Moines, IA: Dyer, 1908), 1:12; Vinovskis, “Have Social Historians Lost the Civil War? Some Preliminary Demographic Speculations,” in
Toward a Social History of the American Civil War
, 1–12, 21–28; E. B. Long, “The People of War,” in
The Civil War Day-by-Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971), 700–722; John William Oliver,
History of the Civil War Military Pensions, 1861–1865
(Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1917), 117; Francis Amasa Walker,
Discussions in Economics and Statistics, Volume Two: Finance and Taxation, Money and Bimettalism, Economic Theory
(New York: Henry Holt, 1899), 44;
American Almanac and Treasury of Facts, Statistical, Financial, and Political for the Year 1879
, ed. A. R. Spofford (Washington, DC: American News, 1880), 177, 179;
The American Almanac, Year-book, Cyclopaedia and Atlas
(New York: New York American and Journal, 1904), 474, 503.

3
. Thomas L. Livermore,
Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861–1865
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1900), 5–9; Faust,
This Republic of Suffering
, 149; Mary Elizabeth Massey,
Refugee Life in the Confederacy
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001 [1964]), 64–65; J. David Hacker, “A Census-Based Count of the Civil War Dead,”
Civil War History
57 (December 2011): 307–48; “By The Numbers: Civil War Mortality Reconsidered,”
Civil War Monitor
1 (Winter 2011): 16–17.

4
. Long, “Economics of War,” in
The Civil War Day-by-Day
, 700–722; Claudia D. Goldin and Frank D. Lewis, “The Economic Cost of the American Civil War: Estimates and Implications,”
Journal of Economic History
35 (June 1975): 299–326; Mary A. DeCredico,
Patriotism for Profit: Georgia’s Urban Entrepreneurs and the Confederate War Effort
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), 115; Douglas B. Ball,
Financial Failure and Confederate Defeat
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991), 300–301; Paul F. Paskoff, “Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War’s Destructiveness in the Confederacy,”
Civil War History
54 (March 2008): 35–58.

5
. Jeremy Atack and Peter Passell,
A New Economic View of American History
, 2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), 356–60, 362–63, 373.

6
. Edwin De Leon,
Secret History of Confederate Diplomacy Abroad
, ed. William C. Davis (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), 1–2; Egerton, “Rethinking Atlantic Historiography,” 82–84.

7
. J. Matthew Gallman,
Mastering Wartime:
A
Social History of Philadelphia During the Civil War
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 299–328; Robin L. Einhorn, “The Civil War and Municipal Government in Chicago,” in
Toward a Social History of the American Civil War
, 132–38; Iver Bernstein,
The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 195–96; Harper,
“If Thee Must Fight,”
363–67; Wilson,
The Business of Civil War
, 214–15.

8
. Louis M. Hacker,
The Triumph of American Capitalism: The Development of Forces in American History to the End of the Nineteenth Century
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1947), 370–71; “Quartermaster-General,”
Army and Navy Journal
(December 9, 1865): 251; “Interesting Official Statistics,”
Scientific American
15 (December 25, 1866): 402.

9
. Paul W. Gates,
Agriculture and the Civil War
(New York: Knopf, 1965), 375–77; Hacker,
The Triumph of American Capitalism: The Development of Forces in American History to the End of the Nineteenth Century
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1940), 398–99; Louis R. Wells,
Industrial History of the United States
(New York: Macmillan, 1922), 466; R. Douglas Hurt,
American Agriculture: A Brief History
(West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2002), 133–47; Harold D. Woodman, “Post-Civil War Southern Agriculture and the Law,”
Agricultural History
53 (January 1979): 319–37; H. W. Brands,
Masters of Enterprise: Giants of American Business from John Jacob Astor and J. P. Morgan to Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey
(New York: Free Press, 1999), 36.

10
. Bensel,
Yankee Leviathan
, 241, 252, 282.

11
.
Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1975), 28, 30; Thomas P. Gill, “Landlordism in America,”
North American Review
142 (January 1886): 60.

12
. E. V. Smalley, “The Isolation of Life on Prairie Farms,”
Atlantic Monthly
72 (September 1893): 378–82; Sean Dennis Cashman,
America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore Roosevelt
(New York: New York University Press, 1993), 323.

13
. John Moody,
The Truth About the Trusts: A Description and Analysis of the American Trust Movement
(New York: Moody Publishing Co., 1904), 486–87; Atack and Passell,
New Economic View
, 484, 487; Christian Smith, “Introduction,”
The Secular Revolution: Power, Interests, and Conflict in the Secularization of American Public Life
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 74.

14
. Garfield, “The Railway Problem,” in John Clark Ridpath,
The Life and Work of James A. Garfield
(Cincinnati: Jones Bros., 1881), 241, 243.

15
. Parish,
The American Civil War
, 631–32; Helen Nicolay,
Personal Traits of Abraham Lincoln
(New York: Century, 1912), 381–82; Howells,
The Rise of Silas Lapham
(Boston: Ticknor, 1885), 20; Morton Keller,
Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth-Century America
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977), 185.

16
. James, “Hawthorne” (1879), in John Morley, ed.,
English Men of Letters
(New York: Macmillan, 1894), 13:42–43.

17
. Whitman, “Democratic Vistas,” in
The Portable Walt Whitman
, ed. Mark Van Doren (New York: Viking Press, 1945), 399–400; Adams,
The Education of Henry Adams
, ed. J. T. Adams (New York: Modern Library, 1931), 266, 280, 297; Clemens, “Friday, February 16, 1906,” in
Autobiography of Mark Twain: The Complete and Authoritative Edition
, ed. Harriet Elinor Smith (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010), 1:364.

18
. Robert Burns Beath,
History of the Grand Army of the Republic
(Cincinnati: Jones Bros., 1888), 26; Stuart McConnell,
Glorious Contentment: The Grand Army of the Republic, 1865–1900
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 85–118.

19
. Joseph Foster Lovering,
Services for the Use of the Grand Army of the Republic
(Boston: Headquarters of the Grand Army of the Republic, 1881), 14; Barbara Gannon,
The Won Cause: Black and White Comradeship in the Grand Army of the Republic
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 25–26.

20
. Ernest R. Sandeen,
The Roots of Fundamentalism: British and American Millenarianism, 1800–1930
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), 148; Rose,
Victorian American and the Civil War
, 68–78.

21
. Taylor, “Reminiscences of the Civil War,”
North American Review
260 (January–February 1878): 78.

22
. Richard M. McMurry, “The War We Never Finished,”
Civil War Times Illustrated
28 (November/ December 1989): 62–67; Grady, “The New South,” in J. Chandler Harris,
Life of Henry W. Grady, Including His Writings and Speeches
(New York: Cassell, 1890), 82–93.

23
. Randolph, “The Good Old Rebel,”
Poems
(Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1898), 30.

24
. Cumming,
Kate: The Journal of a Confederate Nurse
, 292.

25
. Pollard,
The Lost Cause
, 729; Michael Kammen,
Mystic Chords of Memory: The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture
(New York: Knopf, 1991), 102–21.

26
.
The Promise of the New South
, 8, 37, 42, 77, 146, 102–4, 110–11, 137–46.

27
. Paul Gaston,
The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1976), 202–3.

28
. Thomas Dixon,
The Leopard’s Spots
(New York: Doubleday, Page, 1902), 439, 446.

29
. Connelly,
The Marble Man
, 95; Pryor,
Reading the Man
, 449–53; Thomas Connelly and Barbara Bellows,
God and General Longstreet: The Lost Cause and the Southern Mind
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982), 73–75, 82–83.

30
. Percy,
Love in the Ruins: The Adventures of a Bad Catholic at a Time Near the End of the World
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971), 49.

31
. Whittier, “Barbara Frietchie,” in
In War Time and Other Poems
(Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1864), 58–62.

32
. Read, “Sheridan’s Ride,” in
A Summer Story: Sheridan’s Ride, and Other Poems
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1865), 75–77.