Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction (133 page)

45
. William S. McFeely,
Frederick Douglass
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 291; John C. Rodrigue, “Introduction,” in H. C. Warmoth,
War, Politics, and Reconstruction: Stormy Days in Louisiana
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2006), lii; “An Act to Establish a Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees,” March 3, 1865, in
Statutes at Large
, 38th Congress, 2nd Session, ed. G. P. Sanger (Boston: Little, Brown, 1866), 13:507–9.

46
. Ronald E. Butchart,
Northern Schools, Southern Blacks, and Reconstruction: Freedmen’s Education, 1862–1875
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980), 178.

47
. “Special Field Orders No. 15,” January 16, 1865, in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 47(II): 61–62.

48
. Sherman,
Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman
, Thomas and Hyman,
Stanton
, 357–58.

49
. “Memorandum or Basis of Agreement Made This 18th Day of April, A. D. 1865, Near Durham’s Station,” in
War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 47 (III):243–44.

50
. Sherman,
Memoirs
, 840–45; Brooks D. Simpson, “Facilitating Defeat: The Union High Command and the Collapse of the Confederacy,” in
The Collapse of the Confederacy
, ed. Grimsley and Simpson, 98.

51
. Hans L. Trefousse,
Andrew Johnson: A Biography
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 183; McPherson,
The Struggle for Equality
, 317; Howard B. Means,
The Avenger Takes His Place: Andrew Johnson and the 45 Days That Changed the Nation
(Orlando, FL: Harcourt, 2006), 55; Hans L. Trefousse, “Andrew Johnson and the Freedmen’s Bureau,” in
The Freedmen’s Bureau and Reconstruction: Reconsiderations
, ed. Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller (New York: Fordham University Press, 1999), 42.

52
. Eric L. McKitrick,
Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), 137; Trefousse,
Benjamin Franklin Wade
, 249–50; James L. Swanson,
Bloody Crimes: The Chase for Jefferson Davis and the Death Pageant for Lincoln’s Corpse
(New York: William Morrow, 2010), 309–16.

53
. Johnson, “Interview with Charles G. Halpine,” March 5, 1867, in
Political History of the United States During Reconstruction
, 141; W. E. B. Du Bois,
Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880
(1935; New York: Free Press, 1998), 260.

54
. Johnson, “Speech to the Negro Soldiers,” October 10, 1865, in John Savage,
The Life and Public Services of Andrew Johnson: Including His State Papers, Speeches and Addresses
(New York: Derby and Miller, 1866), 93–94.

55
. “By the President of the United States: A Proclamation,” in
Messages and Papers of the Presidents
, 6:310–14.

56
. Sumner to Wade, August 3, 1865, in
The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner
, ed. B. W. Palmer (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1990), 2:320–21; James David Essig, “The Lord’s Free Man: Charles G. Finney and His Abolitionism,”
Civil War History
24 (March 1978): 25–45.

57
. Col. J. W. Shaffer to Trumbull, December 25, 1865, in Horace White,
The Life of Lyman Trumbull
(New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 242; Memminger to Schurz, April 26, 1871, in Carl Schurz,
Speeches, Correspondence and Political Papers of Carl Schurz
, ed. Frederic Bancroft (New York: G. P. Putnam’s, 1912), 2:256.

58
. “Laws in Relation to Freedmen,” Senate Executive Doc. No. 6, 39th Congress, 2nd Session (1867), 192–99; John C. Rodrigue,
Reconstruction in the Cane Fields: From Slavery to Free Labor in Louisiana’s Sugar Parishes, 1862–1880
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001), 67.

59
. “Names of Claimants from the Insurrectionary States,” in
Political History During Reconstruction
, 107–9; Richard N. Current,
Those Terrible Carpetbaggers
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 45.

60
. “Organization of the House,” and “Reconstruction,” December 4, 1865,
Congressional Globe
, 39th Congress, 1st session, 1, 3–4, 6; Wilson and Sherman, “Protection of Freedmen,” December 13, 1865,
Congressional Globe
, December 13, 1865, 39th Congress, 1st Session, 41–42; “An Act to Protect All Persons of the United States in Their Civil Rights, and Furnish Means of Their Vindication,” April 9, 1866, in
Statutes at Large
, 39th Congress, 1st session, 14:27–30.

61
. Sherman and Eldridge, “Rights of Citizens,”
Congressional Globe
, December 13, 1865 and March 2, 1866, 39th Congress, 1st session, 41–42, 1154–55; Garrett Davis, “Article XV,” February 26, 1869,
Congressional Globe
, 41st Congress, 2nd session, 1630–31.

62
. Stevens, “Reconstruction,” January 3, 1867,
Congressional Globe
, 39th Congress, 2nd session, 252–53; Tilton, “One Blood of All Nations,” February 27, 1864, in
Sanctum Sanctorum: or, Proof-Sheets from an Editor’s Table
(New York: Sheldon, 1870), 104–5.

63
. Edward Belcher Callender,
Thaddeus Stevens: Commoner
(Boston: A. Williams, 1882), 133–40; Hans L. Trefousse,
Thaddeus Stevens: Nineteenth-Century Egalitarian
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 178–80; Trefousse,
The Radical Republicans
, 316.

64
. James Oakes,
The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Anti-slavery Politics
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), 250; McFeely,
Frederick Douglass
, 247; Trefousse,
Andrew Johnson
, 241–42.

65
. Epps,
Democracy Reborn
, 135; Johnson, “Speech of the 22d February, 1868,” in
Political History During Reconstruction
, 59, 61; White,
The Life of Lyman Trumbull
, 272–74.

66
. “Civil Rights Bill—Again,” April 9, 1866, “Reconstruction,” April 30, 1866, and “Reconstruction Again,” June 13, 1866,
Congressional Globe
, 39th Congress, 1st session, 1861, 2286–87, 3145–49.

67
. William Bolcom, Joan Morris, and Clifford Jackson, vocal performance of “Who Shall Rule This American Nation?” by Henry Clay Work, recorded 1975, on
Who Shall Rule This American Nation? Songs of the Civil War Era
, Nonesuch Records H 71317.

68
. J. Matthew Gallman,
America’s Joan of Arc: The Life of Anna Elizabeth Dickinson
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 82–83; Johnson, “In Cleveland, September 3,” in
Political History During Reconstruction
, 135–36.

69
. Stampp,
Era of Reconstruction
, 114–15; D. M. DeWitt,
The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson
(New York: Russell and Russell, 1967 [1903]), 100.

70
. “An Act to Provide for the More Efficient Government of the Rebel States,” March 2, 1867, in
Statutes at Large
, 39th Congress, 2nd session, 14:428–29.

71
. “An Act Regulating the Tenure of Certain Civil Offices,” March 2, 1867, in
Statutes at Large
, 39th Congress, 2nd session, 14:430–32.

72
. “An Act Supplementary to an Act Entitled ‘An Act to Provide for the More Efficient Government of the Rebel States,’” March 23, 1867, in
Statutes at Large
, 40th Congress, 1st session, ed. G. P. Sanger (Boston: Little, Brown, 1869), 15:2–5; Stevens, “To Edward McPherson,” August 16, 1867, in
Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens
, 324.

73
. Charles Eugene Hamlin,
The Life and Times of Hannibal Hamlin
(Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press, 1899), 510.

74
. “Impeachment of the President,” January 7, 1867,
Congressional Globe
, 39th Congress, 2nd session, 320; David O. Stewart,
Impeached: The Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln’s Legacy
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), 74–75, 82–83; “Impeachment of the President,” March 7, 1867,
Congressional Globe
, 40th Congress, 1st Session, 18–19.

75
. Paul Andrew Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
(Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), 24–25; Roy Morris,
Sheridan: The Life and Wars of General Phil Sheridan
(New York: Crown, 1992), 291; Joseph G. Dawson, “General Phil Sheridan and Military Reconstruction in Louisiana,”
Civil War History
24 (January 1978): 133–51; Grant to John Pope, June 28, 1867, in
Papers of Ulysses S. Grant
, 17:204.

76
. C. H. Pyle and R. M. Pious,
The President, Congress, and the Constitution: Power and Legitimacy in American Politics
(New York: Free Press, 1984), 204–6; “An Act Regulating the Tenure of Certain Civil Offices,” March 2, 1867, in
Statutes at Large
, 39th Congress, 2nd Session, 14:430–32; “An Act Supplementary to an Act Entitled ‘An Act to Provide for the More Efficient Government of the Rebel States,’” July 19, 1867, in
Statutes at Large
, 40th Congress, 1st Session, 15:14.

77
. Johnson, “To the Senate of the United States,” December 17, 1867, in
Messages and Papers of the Presidents
, 6:583.

78
. George Congdon Gorham,
Life and Public Services of Edwin M. Stanton
(Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1899), 2:426, 428–30; M. S. Gerry, “Andrew Johnson in the White House, Being the Reminiscences of William H. Crook,”
Century Magazine
76 (October 1908): 863–64; Hans L. Trefousse,
Impeachment of a President: Andrew Johnson, the Blacks, and Reconstruction
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1975), 132–36.

79
. Michael Les Benedict,
The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), 168–80; Stewart,
Impeached
, 149; Cook,
William Pitt Fessenden
, 232.

80
. William Roscoe Thayer,
John Hay
(Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1915), 1:271; Current,
Those Terrible Carpetbaggers
, 29–31; Ruth Currie-McDaniel,
Carpetbagger of Conscience: A Biography of John Emory Bryant
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 40–41.

81
. James Alex Baggett,
The Scalawags: Southern Dissenters in the Civil War and Reconstruction
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003), 14–41.

82
. Richard L. Hume and Jerry B. Gough,
Blacks, Carpetbaggers, and Scalawags: The Constitutional Conventions of Radical Reconstruction
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2008), 6; Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins,
The Scalawag in Alabama Politics, 1865–1881
(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1977), 128–30; Eric Foner, “Introduction,” in
Freedom’s Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), xiii–xxxi; Billy W. Libby, “Senator Hiram Revels of Mississippi Takes His Seat, January–February 1870,”
Journal of Mississippi History
37 (November 1975): 381–94.

83
. Benjamin Ginsberg,
Moses of South Carolina: A Jewish Scalawag During Radical Reconstruction
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 108; John S. Reynolds,
Reconstruction in South Carolina, 1865–1877
(Columbia, SC: State Co., 1905), 258; James Shepherd Pike,
The Prostrate State: South Carolina Under Negro Government
(New York: D. Appleton, 1874), 197, 199–200; “A Romance of Rascality,”
New York Times
(December 26, 1878).

84
. F. B. Simkins and R. H. Woody,
South Carolina During Reconstruction
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1932), 137–38, 148, 155, 175; Michael Perman,
The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1869–1879
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 33–34, 81; James S. Allen,
Reconstruction: The Battle for Democracy
(New York: International Publishers, 1937), 140–44.

85
. Ottis Clark Skipper, “J. D. B. DeBow, the Man,”
Journal of Southern History
10 (November 1944): 420–21; “Judge James L. Orr,” in U. R. Brooks,
South Carolina Bench and Bar
(Columbia, SC: State Co., 1908), 1:186; Piston,
Lee’s Tarnished Lieutenant
, 106, 106, 109, 123.

86
. Thomas Frederick Woodley,
Great Leveler: The Life of Thaddeus Stevens
(New York: Stackpole, 1937), 414; Richard N. Current,
Old Thad Stevens: A Story of Ambition
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1942), 320.

87
. Edward L. Ayers,
The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 50–51; Current,
Those Terrible Carpetbaggers
, 368–75.

88
. Richardson,
Westward from Appomattox
, 150–53.

89
. Andrew L. Slap,
The Doom of Reconstruction: The Liberal Republicans in the Civil War Era
(New York: Fordham University Press, 2006), 199; Stephen Budiansky,
The Bloody Shirt: Terror After Appomattox
(New York: Viking, 2008), 205, 221–40; “To Daniel H. Chamberlain,” July 26, 1876, in
Papers of Ulysses Simpson Grant
, 27:199; McFeely,
Grant
, 419–25.

90
. Trefousse,
The Radical Republicans
, 373.

91
. William Cohen, “Black Immobility and Free Labor: The Freedmen’s Bureau and the Relocation of Black Labor, 1865–1868,”
Civil War History
30 (September 1984): 221–34.

92
. “Slaughter-House Cases,” in Christian Samito, ed.,
Changes in Law and Society During the Civil War and Reconstruction: A Legal History Documentary Reader
(Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2009), 261–72; Michael A. Ross,
Justice of Shattered Dreams: Samuel Freeman Miller and the Supreme Court During the Civil War
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003), 200.