Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction (124 page)

63
. Wightman,
From Antietam to Fort Fisher
, 132, 196–97.

64
. Robert N. Rosen,
The Jewish Confederates
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2000), 182; Mark A. Grimsley,
And Keep Moving On: The Virginia Campaign, May-June 1864
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002), 174.

65
. Glatthaar,
The March to the Sea and Beyond
, 43.

66
. Billings,
Hardtack and Coffee
, 80; Dunkelman,
Brothers One and All
, 103; Jewett to “Brother and Sister,” July 18, 1862, in
Yankee Correspondence
, 37; Lee to Mary Custis Lee, September 17, 1861, in Robert Edward Lee Jr.,
Recollections and Letters of General Robert E. Lee
(New York: Doubleday, Page, 1904), 46.

67
.
Avery Harris’ Civil War Journal
, ed. Peter Tomasak (Luzerne, PA: Luzerne National Bank, 1999), 15; James A. Wright,
No More Gallant a Deed: A Civil War Memoir of the First Minnesota Volunteers
, ed. S. J. Keillor (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2001), 23; Dunkelman,
Brothers One and All
, 116; David T. Courtwright, “Opiate Addiction as a Consequence of the Civil War,”
Civil War History
24 (June 1978): 101–11; James Street, “Under the Influence,”
Civil War Times Illustrated
27 (May 1988): 30–35.

68
. Albert Castel, ed., “Malingering,”
Civil War Times Illustrated
26 (August 1977): 29–31.

69
. Michael A. Flannery,
Civil War Pharmacy: A History of Drugs, Drug Supply and Provision, and Therapeutics for the Union and Confederacy
(Binghamton, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press, 2004), 92; Thomas J. Brown,
Dorothea Dix: New England Reformer
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 290; Carol C. Green,
Chimborazo: The Confederacy’s Largest Hospital
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2004), 5–8; Rebecca Barbour Calcutt,
Richmond’s Wartime Hospitals
(Gretna, LA: Pelican, 2005), 20; William W. Kern, “Before and After Lister,”
Science
, June 11, 1915: 851–52.

70
. David Madden,
Beyond the Battlefield: The Ordinary Life and Extraordinary Times of the Civil War Soldier
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000), 138; Palmer H. Boeger, “Hardtack and Burned Beans,”
Civil War History
4 (March 1958): 84; Billings,
Hardtack and Coffee
, 113–14.

71
. Billings,
Hardtack and Coffee
, 116, 129–30, 135.

72
. “Another Account,” July 7, 1864, in
The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events
, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1868), 11:207.

73
. Hortense Herman, “Rank and File of the Confederate Armies,”
Confederate Veteran
22 (May 1914): 203; Bartholomees,
Buff Facings and Gilt Buttons
, 56.

74
. M. B. Mitchell, “A Woman’s Recollections of Antietam,” in
Battles and Leaders
, 2:687–88.

75
. “Testimony of Major General Daniel Butterfield,” March 25, 1864, in
Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1865), 4:421–22; “Report of Gen. John B. Strange, Nineteenth Virginia Infantry,” July 15, 1862, in
The War of the Rebellion
, Series One, 11(II):767.

76
. Alphaeus Williams, in Dora L. Costa and Matthew E. Kahn,
Heroes and Cowards: The Social Face of War
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008), 76–77.

77
. Bell I. Wiley,
The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982 [1943]), 34; Frank and Reaves,
Seeing the Elephant
, 105; Williams,
From That Terrible Field
, 53.

78
. William W. Keen, “Surgical Reminiscences of the Civil War,” in
Addresses and Other Papers
(Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1905), 431; “Charging New Market Heights: Edward Ripley Recalls,” ed. Edward Longacre,
Civil War Times Illustrated
20 (February 1982): 42.

79
. Keen, “Surgical Reminiscences of the Civil War,”435–36.

80
. Edward O. Lord,
History of the Ninth Regiment, New Hampshire Volunteers in the War of the Rebellion
(Concord: Republican Press Association, 1895), 508.

81
. “One Continued Scene of Carnage: A Union Surgeon’s View of War,”
Civil War Times Illustrated
15 (August 1976): 34, 36.

82
. Keen, “Surgical Reminiscences of the Civil War,” 433; Wilkeson,
Recollections of a Private Soldier
, 206–7.

83
. Ella Lonn,
Desertion During the Civil War
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998 [1928]), 226; Mark A. Weitz,
More Damning than Slaughter: Desertion in the Confederate Army
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005), 14; Vinovskis, “Have Social Historians Lost the Civil War?” 10; Judith Lee Hallock, “The Role of the Community in Civil War Desertion,”
Civil War History
29 (June 1983): 126; Nelson and Sheriff,
A People at War
, 203–4.

84
. Moore, ed.,
Rebellion Record
, 4:65; George Henry Mills,
History of the 16th North Carolina Regiment in the Civil War
(Hamilton, NY: Edmonston, 1992 [1903]), 14–15; Stevens,
Berdan’s United States Sharpshooters
, 151; George R. Stewart,
Pickett’s Charge: A Microhistory of the Final Attack at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863
, 2nd ed. (Dayton, OH: Morningside Press, 1980), 106.

85
. Alfred Bellard,
Gone for a Soldier: The Civil Memoirs of Private Alfred Bellard
, ed. David Donald (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975), 188; Glatthaar,
General Lee’s Army
, 190.

86
. Wightman,
From Antietam to Fort Fisher
, 91; Holmes, “The Fraternity of Arms,” December 11, 1897, in
The Essential Holmes: Selections from the Letters, Speeches, Judicial Opinions and Other Writing of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr
., ed. R. A. Posner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 73; Baker,
Justice from Beacon Hill
, 131–32.

87
. Linderman,
Embattled Courage
, 74; “The Diary of Corporal Westwood James,” ed. Michael Musick,
Civil War Times Illustrated
17 (October 1978): 35; Blake,
Three Years in the Army of the Potomac
, 292; Holsinger, “How Does One Feel Under Fire,” May 5, 1898, in
War Talks in Kansas: A Series of Papers Read Before the Kansas Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
(Kansas City, MO: Franklin Hudson, 1906), 294; Nolan,
The Iron Brigade
, 140; David Thompson, “With Burnside at Antietam,” in
Battles and Leaders
, 2:661–62; Michael Hanifen,
History of Battery B, First New Jersey Artillery
(Hightstown, NJ: Longstreet House, 1991 [1905]), 53.

88
. Judson,
History of the Eighty-Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers
, 186–87.

1
. E. C. Boykin,
Sea Devil of the Confederacy: The Story of the Florida and Her Captain, John Newland Maffitt
(New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1959), 3–9.

2
. Stephen R. Wise,
Lifeline of the Confederacy
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988), 59–60, 166, 180, 221, 226.

3
. Lincoln, “Proclamation of a Blockade,” April 19, 1861, in
Collected Works
, 4:338–39.

4
. Sven Beckert, “Emancipation and Empire: Reconstructing the Worldwide Web of Cotton Production in the Age of the Civil War,”
American Historical Review
109 (December 2009): 1408; “Henry L. Benning’s Secessionist Speech,” in
Secession Debated: Georgia’s Showdown in 1860
, 131.

5
. W. H. Russell,
My Diary North and South
, 69.

6
. Sir Francis Taylor Piggott,
The Declaration of Paris, 1856
(London: University of London Press, 1919), 116, 142–46; Mountague Bernard,
A Historical Account of the Neutrality of Great Britain During the American Civil War
(London: Longmans, 1870), 41–48, 106–21.

7
. T. H. Lee and M. D. Ramsay, “The Story of the
Prize Cases
: Executive Action and Judicial Review in Wartime,” in
Presidential Power Stories
, ed. C. H. Schroeder and C. A. Bradley (Eagan, MN: Foundation Press, 2009), 60.

8
. Charles Francis Adams Jr.,
Charles Francis Adams
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1899), 146–48, 170–71, 175–76; Martin Duberman,
Charles Francis Adams, 1807–1886
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961), 264; Russell to Adams, May 4, 1865, in
Das Staatsarchiv: Sammlung der offiziellen Aktenstücke zur der Geschichte der Gegenwart—Achter Band 1865, Januar bis Juni
, ed. L. K. Aegidi and A. Klauhold (Hamburg: Otto Meissner, 1865), 135–36, 137–39; Ludwell H. Johnson, “The Confederacy: What Was It? The View from the Federal Courts,”
Civil War History
32 (March 1986): 6.

9
. William H. Seward, “Some Thoughts for the President’s Consideration,” in
Dear Mr. Lincoln: Letters to the President
, ed. Harold Holzer (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1993), 239; Lincoln, “To William H. Seward,” in
Collected Works
, 4:316–18.

10
. Seward to Adams, May 21, 1861, in
Neutrality of Great Britain in the Civil War: Senate Document No. 18, 58th Congress
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1903), 25.

11
. Duberman,
Charles Francis Adams
, 268; Brian Jenkins,
Britain and the War for the Union
(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1974), 1:104–9.

12
. Michael Embree,
Bismarck’s First War: The Campaign of Schleswig and Jutland 1864
(Solihull, UK: Helion, 2006), 272–86.

13
. Donald L. Canney,
The Old Steam Navy
, vol. 1:
Frigates, Sloops, and Gunboats, 1815–1885
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1990), 91–94; Stephen R. Taaffe,
Commanding Lincoln’s Navy: Union Naval Leadership During the Civil War
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2009), 26.

14
. Wilkes to Gideon Welles, November 16, 1861, in
The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events
, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1868), 3:323–24.

15
. Charles Francis Adams Jr.,
The Trent Affair: An Historical Retrospect
(Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1912), 7; D. M. Fairfax and Charles Wilkes (November 12, 1861), in
Rebellion Record
, 3: 328–30.

16
. Russell to Lyons, November 30, 1861,
London Gazette
22589 (January 14, 1862): 196–97; Edwin De Leon,
Secret History of Confederate Diplomacy Abroad
, ed. William C. Davis (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), 80.

17
. David Ross,
Canadian Campaigns 1860–70
(New York: Osprey, 1992), 5; George Taylor Denison,
Soldiering in Canada: Recollections and Experiences
(London: Macmillan, 1900), 33–34; Hereward Senior,
The Last Invasion of Canada: The Fenian Raids, 1866–1870
(Toronto: Dundurn, 1991), 26–27.

18
. Virgil Carrington Jones,
The Civil War at Sea: The Blockaders, January 1861–March 1862
(New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1960), 292–310; John A. Williams, “Canada and the Civil War,” in
The Shot Heard Round the World: The Impact Abroad of the Civil War
, ed. Harold Hyman (New York: Knopf, 1969), 269; Ernest J. Chambers,
The Royal Grenadiers: A Regimental History of the 10th Infantry Regiment of the Active Militia of Canada
(Toronto: E. L. Ruddy, 1904), 13–14; Robin W. Winks,
The Civil War Years: Canada and the United States
(Toronto: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1998 [1960]), 82.

19
. John Ramsden,
An Appetite for Power: A History of the Conservative Party Since 1830
(London: HarperCollins, 1999), 51.

20
. Duberman,
Charles Francis Adams
, 264; Frank Lawrence Owsley,
King Cotton Diplomacy: Foreign Relations of the Confederate States of America
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931), 186; Adams,
The Education of Henry Adams: An Autobiography
(Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1918), 122–23; “English and American Aristocracy,”
New York Times
, July 30, 1862.

21
. Garnet Wolseley, “A Month’s Visit to the Confederate Headquarters,”
Blackwood’s Magazine
93 (January 1863): 20.

22
. De Leon,
Secret History of Confederate Diplomacy
, 12, 35; Arthur Fremantle,
The Fremantle Diary
, ed. Walter Lord (New York: Andre Deutsch, 1954), 197–99; J. R. Jones,
Life and Letters of Robert Edward Lee: Soldier and Man
(Harrisonburg, VA: Sprinkle, 1978 [1906]), 203–4.

23
. Bismarck, in Louis L. Snyder,
The Blood and Iron Chancellor: A Documentary-Biography of Otto von Bismarck
(Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1967), 176–77; A. R. Tyrner-Tyrnauer,
Lincoln and the Emperors
(London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1962), 61, 66; Luvaas,
The Military Legacy of the Civil War
, 72, 206.

24
. Richard Shannon,
Gladstone, 1809–1865
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 468; Beckles Wilson,
John Slidell and the Confederates in Paris, 1862–1865
(New York: Minton, Balch, 1932), 91.

25
. Howard Jones,
Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999), 73; Paludan,
“A People’s Contest,”
269.

26
. Thomas Schoonover, “Napoleon Is Coming! Maximilian Is Coming? The International History of the Civil War in the Caribbean Basin,” in
The Union, the Confederacy, and the Atlantic Rim
, ed. Robert E. May (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1995), 101, 107, 118–19; Joan Haslip,
The Crown of Mexico: Maximilian and His Empress Carlota
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972), 211; John Metcalf Taylor,
Maximilian and Carlotta: A Story of Imperialism
(New York: G. P. Putnam, 1894), 75.