Authors: David Halberstam
390
EISENHOWER, ON THE OTHER HAND:
Hoopes, p. 200–201.
390
“MR. DULLES MAKES A SPEECH:
Hoopes, p. 149.
391
THE WRITER CAME AWAY:
Hughes,
The Ordeal of Power,
p. 70.
391
AT THAT POINT CRONKITE NOTED:
Hoopes, p. 132.
391
ALEXANDER CADOGEN, AN ASSISTANT:
Dulles,
John Foster Dulles,
pp. 119–20.
391
IKE LATER SAID HE ANSWERED:
Prados,
The Sky Would Fall,
p. 26.
392
THE ITALIANS OF COURSE WERE:
Mosley,
Dulles,
p. 329.
392
WHEN JOHN FOSTER WAS FIVE, HIS MOTHER:
Hoopes, p. 11.
392
SEEING HIS YOUNGER SISTER CRYING:
Mosley, p. 19.
393
YEARS LATER, WHEN SHE WAS ASKED:
Mosley, p. 30.
393
“IT MADE THEM BOSSY:
Dulles, p. 81.
393
“HE KNEW,” HIS SISTER LATER:
Dulles, p. 80.
394
HE REMAINED “A MAN OF WATERTOWN:
Dulles, p. 91.
395
HUMPHREY SEEMED TO SPEAK:
Hoopes, p. 196.
396
SOON THERE WERE A VARIETY:
Hoopes, p. 200.
398
USING THE KIND OF WORDS:
Fall,
Hell in a Very Small Place,
p. 28.
398
IN
1946
GENERAL JACQUES PHILIPPE LECLERC:
Halberstam,
Ho,
p. 84.
399
NAVARRE WAS NOT ENTHUSIASTIC:
Roy,
The Battle of Dien Bien Phu,
p. 7.
399
EVEN MORE OMINOUS WAS A WARNING:
Roy, pp. 8–9.
399
“IN THAT CASE THEY ARE DONE:
Roy, pp. 8–9.
399
THE WARNING FROM SALAN:
Roy, p. 68.
399
“NOT ONE SOU:
Prados, p. 96.
399
GEORGE HUMPHREY, THE SECRETARY:
Prados, pp. 27–28.
400
THEY HAD THE MOST PRIMITIVE:
Roy, pp. 72–73.
400
WHEN GIAP’S NAME WAS:
Roy, p. xix.
400
SPEAKING OF THE FRENCH ARROGANCE:
Roy, p. xix.
400
THE NAME DIEN BIEN PHU:
Prados, p. 3.
401
IN NOVEMBER
1953,
RESPONDING:
Fall, pp. 35–36.
401
AS BERNARD FALL, THE HISTORIAN:
Fall, p. 49.
401
YEARS LATER, MAJOR MARCEL:
Fall, p. 5.
402
WHEN NAVARRE HIMSELF VISITED:
Fall, p. 103.
402
ONCE AGAIN THEY HAD MADE:
Roy, p. 52.
402
THEY COULD CARRY UP TO:
Roy, p. 105.
402
IT WAS NOTHING OF THE SORT:
Roy, p. 131.
402
HE SHRUGGED HIS SHOULDERS:
Roy, p. 174.
403
“I AM COMPLETELY DISHONORED:
Fall, p. 156.
403
“LET’S HAVE NO ILLUSIONS:
Roy, p. 179.
403
“FIRST WE SEND THEM PLANES:
Prados, p. 49.
404
“YOU COULD TAKE ALL DAY TO DROP:
Prados, p. 92.
404
“THE DAMN REPUBLICANS:
Halberstam,
The Best and the Brightest,
p. 139.
405
BUT THE FRENCH DEMURRED:
Fall, p. 307.
405
“I HAVE SPENT MORE TIME:
Prados, p, 96.
405
AT ONE POINT IN EARLY APRIL:
Prados, p. 105.
405
A FEW DAYS LATER, AT A PRESS:
Prados, p. 115.
406
RIDGWAY SAW AIRPOWER:
interview with Ridgway.
406
WHEN HE BRIEFED EISENHOWER:
interview with Ridgway.
407
AS THE IDEA OF INTERVENTION:
Fall, p. 309.
407
THAT NIGHT ALL FRENCH:
Fall, pp. 415–16.
408
IN APRIL THAT YEAR THE
TIMES:
Prados, p. 89.
408
“WE HAVE A CLEAN BASE:
Hughes, p. 208.
408
IT WAS, HE NOTED, “A MODERN:
Hoopes, p. 310.
409
“YOU HAVE TO TAKE CHANCES:
Hoopes, p. 310.
409
HEARING LATER OF DULLES’S BOASTS:
Fall, p. 459.
CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT
411
FRANKFURTER REFERRED TO BLACK:
Schwartz,
Super Chief,
p. 81.
411
HIS CLOSE FRIEND, JUDGE LEARNED HAND:
Schwartz and Lesher,
Inside the Warren Court,
p. 130.
411
HE SAID OF BLACK:
Schwartz and Lesher, p. 52.
411
OF A BLACK OPINION:
Schwartz and Lesher, p. 52.
411
BLACK, WHO WAS AWARE:
Schwartz and Lesher, p. 53.
411
IN A LETTER TO HAND:
Schwartz and Lesher, p. 53.
411
DOUGLAS RETURNED THE SENTIMENTS:
Schwartz and Lesher, p. 53.
411
ONCE AFTER HEARING AN UNUSUALLY LONG:
Schwartz and Lesher, p. 24.
412
“THIS MAN,” PHILIP ELMAN:
Schwartz, p. 73.
412
THEY WERE, HE THOUGHT:
Simon,
The Antagonists,
p. 200.
413
THE DISPARITY WAS EVEN:
Kluger,
Simple Justice,
p. 257.
413
IF THE PACE WITH WHICH:
Kluger, p. 217.
414
SO, HE NOTED, HE HAD “WRAPPED:
Kluger, p. 224.
414
“THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT:
Kluger, p. 222.
414
“JUSTICE BROWN, IN SHORT:
Kluger, p. 80.
414
IN A PASSIONATE DISSENT:
Kluger, p. 82.
415
HE ADDED: “THE WHITE:
Kluger, p. 82.
415
WHEN THE COURT MET:
Schwartz and Lesher, p. 23.
415
“WE CAN’T CLOSE OUR EYES:
Schwartz and Lesher, p. 23.
415
“THIS IS THE FIRST INDICATION:
Kluger, p. 656.
415
SPECULATION BEGAN TO CENTER:
Schwartz, p. 17.
416
THE POVERTY OF HIS FATHER’S LIFE:
Warren,
The Memoirs of Earl Warren,
p. 16.
416
THAT THEY HAD NOT YET RISEN UP:
Weaver,
Warren,
p. 105.
416
IN JUNE OF
1943,
WARREN:
Kluger, p. 662.
417
LATER HE EXPRESSED CONSIDERABLE:
White,
Earl Warren,
p. 77.
417
THAT A RECORD OTHERWISE:
interview with A.J. Langguth.
417
HIS CRITICS THOUGHT HIM:
White, p. 180.
417
FROM THEN ON, HE INCLUDED:
Warren, p. 161.
417
WHEN HIS LAW CLERKS TWITTED:
Schwartz and Lesher, p. 143.
417
“WARREN’S GREAT STRENGTH:
Schwartz and Lesher, p. 33.
417
EDGAR PATTERSON, HIS DRIVER:
Schwartz, p. 97.
417
JOHN GUNTHER, ONE OF THE VERY BEST:
Gunther,
Inside U.S.A.,
p. 18.
418
HIS LAW CLERK, EARL POLLOCK:
Kluger, p. 695.
419
WARREN, HUGO BLACK WROTE:
Simon, p. 222.
419
“EARL WARREN,” ANTHONY LEWIS:
Kluger, p. 667.
419
PREVIOUS CASES, HE LATER TOLD:
Kluger, p. 678.
419
THE LAW, HE SAID:
Kluger, p. 679,
419
WARREN WANTED A MINIMUM:
Kluger, p. 679.
419
JUSTICE TOM CLARK HAD:
Kluger, p. 706.
420
“THESE ARE NOT BAD PEOPLE:
Schwartz and Lesher, p. 87.
420
WHEN FRANKFURTER CIRCULATED:
Kluger, p. 37.
421
THE MIXING OF THE RACES:
Kluger, p. 60.
422
FINALLY THE CHIEF JUSTICE MADE:
Kluger, p. 698.
422
“THERE ARE MANY CONSIDERATIONS:
Schwartz and Lesher, p. 87.
422
JACKSON’S CLERK, BARRETT:
Kluger, p. 697.
The major source for the remainder of this chapter is an author interview with Frederic Morrow.
CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE
430
HIS MOTHER, MAME BRADLEY, WORKED:
Whitfield,
A Death in the Delta,
p. 15.
431
THE AVERAGE WHITE ADULT HAD:
Whitfield, pp. 23–24.
431
A CROSSROADS MARILYN MONROE:
Whitfield, p. 110.
433
WE’VE GOT TO HAVE OUR MILAMS:
From the Huie letters at Ohio State.
433
THE WHITES OWN ALL THE PROPERTY:
Huie letters.
434
I AM CAPABLE OF DRINKING:
Huie letters.
434
WHAT ELSE COULD WE DO:
Huie letters.
435
HAVE YOU EVER SENT A LOVED SON:
Whitfield, p. 23.
437
I’VE GOT ALL THESE REPORTERS:
Whitfield, p. 23.
438
A DELTA SHERIFF COULD OFFICIALLY:
Whitfield, p. 27.
438
MORNIN’ NIGGERS:
Author interview with Jay Milner and Murray Kempton.
438
CLARENCE, AS FORMER GOVERNOR BILL:
Author interview with Bill Winter.
439
HE HAD THREE PLANES FOR CROP:
Whitfield, pp. 29–30.
439
THIS NIGGER SAID THERE’S:
Whitfield, p. 37.
439
WASN’T IT JUST LIKE THAT:
Whitfield, pp. 31–32.
440
WHEN A CLARKSDALE RADIO STATION:
Whitfield, p. 37.
440
THE MOST HE NEEDED WAS:
Whitfield, p. 37.
440
YOUR ANCESTORS WILL TURN OVER:
Whitfield, p. 34.
440
WELL, I HOPE THE CHICAGO NIGGERS:
Whitfield, p. 34.
440
IT WOULD HAVE BEEN A QUICKER DECISION:
Whitfield, p. 34.
CHAPTER THIRTY
441
JOURNALISTS, AS THE NOTED:
Author conversation with James B. Reston.
442
IN THE LATE 19TH:
Grossman,
Black Southerners and the Great Migration,
p. 13.
443
THEY COULD GET THE WRINKLE:
Ottley,
The Lonely Warrior: The Life and Times of Robert S. Abbot,
p. 159.
443
WHY THE MINIMUM WAGE IN THE PACKING:
Grossman, p. 15.
443
INSTEAD, IN HIS PAGES, A BLACK:
Ottley, p. 110.
443
A COLORED MAN CAUGHT WITH:
Ottley, p. 110.
444
IT WAS ESTIMATED THAT TWO THIRDS:
Grossman, p. 75.
444
A RELIGIOUS PILGRIMAGE:
Ottley, p. 163.
444
COME NORTH WHERE THERE IS MORE:
Ottley, p. 161.
444
WITH TREMBLING AND FEAR:
Grossman, p. 110.
445
IT WAS, HE CONFIDED TO HIS BROTHER:
Maharidge and Williamson,
And Their Children Came After Them,
p. 40.
445
AT AN EARLY AGE HE:
“Mr. Little Ol’ Rust,”
Fortune,
December 1952.
446
I KNEW I HAD HOLD OF SOMETHING:
“Mr. Little Ol’ Rust,”
Fortune.
446
GOOD HEAVENS, RUST, YOU CAN’T:
Rust, “The Origin and Development of the Cotton Picker,” Monograph.
447
WHEN THE RUST MACHINE FIRST:
“Mr. Little Ol’ Rust,”
Fortune.
447
THE MISSING LINK IN THE MECHANICAL:
“Mr. Little Ol’ Rust,”
Fortune.
447
I SINCERELY HOPE THAT YOU:
Maharidge and Williamson, pp. 42–43.
447
E. H. CRUMP, THE POLITICAL BOSS:
Street,
The New Evolution in Cotton Economy,
p. 125.
447
IF IT DOES MY WORK:
Maharidge and Williamson, p. 42.
448
THERE WAS A LONG TIME:
Author interview with G. E. Powell.
448
WHEN IN
1949
, IT FINALLY:
Maharidge and Williamson, p. 105.
449
A GOOD PICKER CAN AVERAGE:
Goulden,
The Best Years,
p. 128.
449
EVERYONE WAS ENTHUSIASTIC:
Author interview with Powell.
453
SOME ESTIMATED THAT BY
1955: Street, p. 170.
453
IN
1952
THE NATIONAL COTTON COUNCIL:
“Mr. Little Ol’ Rust,”
Fortune.
454
SO ESPY’S TELEVISION PEOPLE SHOT:
Author interview with Bill Winter.
CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE
The section on Elvis Presley is based on a number of books, including biographies by Albert Goldman; Elaine Dundy; Steve Dunleavy; Dee Presley, Rich Stanley, and David Stanley; Stanley Booth; Kevin Quain; Larry Geller and Joel Spector; Peter Haining; Jerry Hopkins; Lee Cotten; Peter Guralnick; Colin Escot and Martin Hawkins; and Geoffrey Stokes, Ed Ward and Ken Tucker, as well as interviews with Sam Phillips of Sun Records and a number of other Elvisologists. In addition I spent four years as a reporter on the
Nashville Tennessean
covering, among other things, the music beat. That allowed me, through the courtesy of my friend, Chet Atkins, who ran the RCA studio, to watch sessions of Elvis recording during those early days in Nashville. I also knew Colonel Tom Parker quite well in those days, and much to my surprise he kept his promise to let me be the one reporter allowed on Elvis’s train when the singer returned from the Army.