1.
| See Cohen, 1975; Kadushin, 1965; Urbach, 1975. Quotation from Fuller, 2003: 27.
|
2.
| Smith, 1956: 71.
|
3.
| Meeks, 1983: 34.
|
4.
| Tcherikover [1959] 1999: 353.
|
5.
| Finegan, 1992: 325–26.
|
6.
| Tcherikover [1959] 1999: 346.
|
7.
| Hengel, 1974, 1989; Levine, 1998; Smith, 1987.
|
8.
| Batey, 1991.
|
9.
| Feldman, 1981: 310.
|
10.
| Ibid.
|
11.
| Chadwick, 1966: 6.
|
12.
| Frend, 1984: 35.
|
13.
| Corrigan et al., 1998: 88.
|
14.
| Goodenough, 1962: 10.
|
15.
| Clement of Alexandria,
The Stromata
: 1:5.
|
16.
| Chadwick, 1966: 10–11.
|
17.
| In Chadwick, 1966: 15.
|
18.
| Ibid., 16.
|
19.
| Saint Augustine,
The City of God
, 8:11.
|
20.
| In Chadwick, 1966: 16.
|
21.
| Ibid., 19.
|
22.
| Ibid., 17.
|
23.
| Lindberg, 1992. Many scholars doubt that Plato really meant for his postulated demiurge to be taken literally. But whether real creator or metaphor, the demiurge is nothing like the Christian conception of a Creator.
|
24.
| Mason, 1962.
|
25.
| In Jaki, 1986: 114.
|
26.
| Full text in Danielson, 2000: 14–15.
|
27.
| In Plato,
Timaeus
.
|
28.
| Jaki, 1986: 105.
|
29.
| Clark, 1989; Nash, 1992.
|
30.
| Grant, 1994, 1996; Jaki, 1986; Lindberg, 1992; Mason, 1962, as well as the cited original sources.
|
31.
| For this section, I draw extensively on my own research and writing for
The Victory of Reason
. See Stark, 2005: ch. 1.
|
32.
| 1 Corinthians 13:9, RSV.
|
33.
| Tertullian,
On Repentance
: ch. 1.
|
34.
| Recognitions of Clement
: 2: 69.
|
35.
| In Lindberg and Numbers, 1986: 27–28.
|
36.
| Saint Augustine,
The City of God
, 8: 4; Wild, 1949: 8.
|
37.
| Edelstein, 1967.
|
38.
| Nisbet, 1980: 4.
|
39.
| Marjorie Reeves,
The Influence of Prophecy in the Latter Middle Ages
, quoted in Nisbet, 1980: 49.
|
40.
| For this section, too, I draw extensively on my own research and writing for
The Victory of Reason
. See Stark, 2005: ch. 1.
|
41.
| In Lindberg, 1986: 27.
|
42.
| Saint Augustine,
The City of God
, 22: 24.
|
43.
| In Gimpel, 1961: 165.
|
44.
| Ibid., 149.
|
45.
| Grant, 1996; Meyer, 1944; Southern, 1970a: 50.
|
46.
| Benin, 1993.
|
47.
| In Benin, 1993: 68.
|
48.
| In Lindberg, 1986: 27–28.
|
49.
| Finley, 1965: 147.
|
50.
| Macmurray, 1938: 115.
|
51.
| White, 1975: 527.
|
52.
| Khalidi, 1975: 279.
|
53.
| Reilly, 2011.
|
54.
| Reilly, 2011: 6; see also Stark, 2009: ch. 3.
|
55.
| Gimpel, 1976: 13.
|
56.
| Ibid.
|
57.
| In Hartwell, 1971: 691.
|
58.
| Dreyer, 2007; Jung-Pang Lo, 1955; Levathes, 1994; McNeill, 1982
|
59.
| Claims that some of Zheng He’s ships exceeded four hundred feet in length seem unlikely—imagine a flat-bottomed, wooden Chinese junk nearly half the length of the
Titanic
or of the largest World War II battleships. (See Dreyer, 2007.) Notions that Zheng He’s fleet would have crushed any Western navy are also absurd (see chapter 11). The recent sensational assertion that Zheng He and his fleet beat Columbus to America is equally fatuous. (See Menzies, 2002; Finlay, 2004.)
|
60.
| Lilley, 1966: 45.
|
1.
| Hanson, 2002.
|
2.
| Quoted in Osborne, 2006: 97.
|
3.
| Heather, 2006: 15.
|
4.
| Fox, 2008: 323.
|
5.
| Osborne, 2006: 100.
|
6.
| Stark, 2011.
|
7.
| Liebeschuetz, 1979: 3.
|
8.
| MacMullen, 1981: 109.
|
9.
| Gombrich, 1978.
|
10.
| Clarke, 1998.
|
11.
| Smith, 1867.
|
12.
| Morford, 2002; Saunders, 1997.
|
13.
| Lilley, 1966: 40.
|
14.
| White, 1984.
|
15.
| Lilley, 1966: 40.
|
16.
| Carcopino, 1940.
|
17.
| Leighton, 1972: 59.
|
18.
| Lilley, 1966: 39.
|
19.
| Quoted in Heather, 2006: 68.
|
20.
| Barton, 1993: 63.
|
21.
| Baker, 2000.
|
22.
| Wiedmann, 1992: 38–39; Zoll, 2002.
|
23.
| Futrell, 1997; Golvin, 1988.
|
24.
| Futrell, 1997.
|
25.
| Stark, 2006.
|
26.
| Heather, 2006: 68.
|
27.
| Hamilton [1930] 1993: 25.
|
28.
| Ferrill, 1986; Heather, 2006; Luttwak, 1976.
|
29.
| Ferrill, 1986: 29.
|
30.
| Heather, 2006: 7.
|
31.
| Luttwak, 1976: 16; Ferrill, 1986; Osborne, 2006.
|
32.
| Stark, 1996, 2006, 2011.
|
33.
| Hvalvik, 2007: 191.
|
34.
| Harnack, 1905: 382; Sordi, 1986: 28.
|
35.
| Stark, 1996, 2011.
|
36.
| Mattingly, 1967: 54.
|
37.
| Barnes, 1981: 19; Mattingly, 1967: 56.
|
38.
| Stark, 2011: ch. 10.
|
39.
| Heather, 2006: 126.
|
40.
| Often called the Visigoths—the western Goths, in contrast with the Ostrogoths, or eastern Goths.
|
41.
| Saint Jerome,
Commentary on Ezekiel
, preface.
|
42.
| Ward-Perkins, 2006: 183.
|
43.
| Goffart, 1971: 413.
|
44.
| Demandt, 1984.
|
45.
| Gilfillan, 1965.
|
46.
| Sale, 1990: 82.
|
47.
| Jones, 1964, 2:1027.
|
48.
| Toynbee, 1936.
|
49.
| Rostovtzeff, 1926: 453–54.
|
50.
| Heather, 2006: 114; Ward-Perkins, 2006: 42.
|
51.
| Luttwak, 1976.
|
52.
| Ferrill, 1986.
|
53.
| Quoted in Ferrill, 1986: 25.
|
54.
| Ferrill, 1986: 46.
|
55.
| Ibid., 47.
|
56.
| Quoted in Ferrill, 1986: 129.
|
57.
| Jones, 1964, 2:1038.
|
58.
| Heather, 1998: 139.
|
59.
| Ferrill, 1986: 102.
|
60.
| Wolfram, 1997: 77.
|
61.
| Ibid., 76.
|
62.
| Mokyr, 1992: 26.
|
63.
| Heather, 2006: 87.
|
64.
| Jones, 1988: 57.
|
65.
| Musset [1965] 1993: 203.
|
66.
| Ferrill, 1986: 103.
|
67.
| Manchester, 1993: 5.
|
68.
| Heather, 2006: 228.
|