1.
| Lamb, 1965.
|
2.
| Benedictow, 2004: 5–6.
|
3.
| Fagan, 2000.
|
4.
| Fagan, 2008.
|
5.
| Ferguson, 2009; Jones, 1986
|
6.
| Ferguson, 2009: 283.
|
7.
| Ingstad and Ingstad, 2001.
|
8.
| Ziegler, 1971: 31.
|
9.
| Gottfried, 1985: 17; Russell, 1972b.
|
10.
| Metcalf, 1967: 357.
|
11.
| Fagan, 2000: 21.
|
12.
| Bennett and Hollister, 2006: 326.
|
13.
| Gottfried, 1985; Postan, 1973.
|
14.
| Issawi, 1980: 490.
|
15.
| Aberth, 2005; Cantor, 2002; Cartwright, 1972; Gottfried, 1985; Herlihy, 1997; Ziegler, 1971; Zinsser, 1963.
|
16.
| Haensch et al., 2010.
|
17.
| Ziegler, 1971: 15.
|
18.
| Gottfried, 1985: 77.
|
19.
| Benedictow, 2004.
|
20.
| Aberth, 2005: 72.
|
21.
| Gottfried, 1985: 54.
|
22.
| Quoted in Benedictow, 2004: 91.
|
23.
| Gottfried, 1985: 58.
|
24.
| Ibid., 78–80.
|
25.
| Stark, 2011: ch. 15.
|
26.
| Benedictow, 2004: 166; Gottfried, 1985: 56.
|
27.
| Quoted in Gottfried, 1985: 57.
|
28.
| A few Flagellant companies included women, imposing strict sex segregation and limiting women’s acts of penance.
|
29.
| Leff [1967] 1999: 488.
|
30.
| Ziegler, 1971: 96.
|
31.
| Ibid., 92.
|
32.
| Stark, 2001: 131.
|
33.
| In Aberth, 2005: 158–59.
|
34.
| See, e.g., Gottfried, 1985: 52–53.
|
35.
| Stark, 2001: 132.
|
36.
| Stark, 2009.
|
37.
| Graetz, 1894: 3: 611.
|
38.
| Magnus, 1997: 18.
|
39.
| Bolton, 1996: 29–33.
|
40.
| For an excellent summary, see Herlihy, 1997: 31–33.
|
41.
| Ziegler, 1971: 131.
|
42.
| Ibid., 133.
|
43.
| Bolton, 1996: 34–39.
|
44.
| Blum, 1978.
|
45.
| McGarry, 1976: 242.
|
46.
| Hilton [1973] 2003, 1969; Gottfried, 1985.
|
47.
| Gottfried, 1985: 94.
|
48.
| Hilton, 1969: 55.
|
49.
| Phelps Brown and Hopkins, 1962: 179–96.
|
50.
| Bridbury, 1962; Stark, 2005.
|
51.
| Bridbury, 1962: 85.
|
52.
| Gottfried, 1985: 95.
|
53.
| Bolton, 1996: 49.
|
54.
| Herlihy, 1997.
|
55.
| Ibid., 50.
|
56.
| Carus-Wilson, 1941, 1952.
|
57.
| Dresbeck, 1976: 181.
|
58.
| See, e.g., Rodney Hilton, 1969: 98.
|
59.
| Dresbeck, 1976: 184.
|
60.
| Ibid., 186.
|
61.
| That was true only for the somewhat affluent. For those with one-room houses, nothing changed, except, of course, that their room was warmer and not smoky.
|
62.
| In Stark, 2007b: 527.
|
1.
| For this section and later sections of this chapter, I draw on my own research and writing for
The Victory of Reason
. See Stark, 2005: ch. 1.
|
2.
| John Locke,
Essay Concerning Human Understanding,
3:9.
|
3.
| Quoted in Dales [1973] 1994: 170.
|
4.
| Rahner, 1975: 1687.
|
5.
| Stark, 2007a.
|
6.
| Clough, 1997: 57.
|
7.
| Saint Augustine,
The City of God
, 5:1
|
8.
| Tertullian,
On Repentance
, 1.
|
9.
| Recognitions of Clement
, 2:69.
|
10.
| Southern, 1970a: 49.
|
11.
| Grant, 1996: 182.
|
12.
| Ibid., 183.
|
13.
| Ibid., 184.
|
14.
| Haskins [1923] 2002: 3.
|
15.
| Colish, 1997: 266.
|
16.
| For this section and later sections of this chapter, I draw on my own research and writing for
For the Glory of God
. See Stark, 2003.
|
17.
| Grant, 1996; Porter, 1998.
|
18.
| Porter, 1998: 56.
|
19.
| Mason, 1962.
|
20.
| Porter, 1998.
|
21.
| Grant, 1996: 205.
|
22.
| Schachner, 1938: 3.
|
23.
| Quoted in Grant, 2007: 148–49.
|
24.
| Chandler, 1987.
|
25.
| Grant, 1996; Haskins [1923] 2002; Janin, 2008; Rashdall [1936] 1977.
|
26.
| Janin, 2008: 73.
|
27.
| Rashdall [1936] 1977: 3:408.
|
28.
| Ibid., 3:407.
|
29.
| Stark, 2011: 258.
|
30.
| Grant, 1996: 38.
|
31.
| Quoted in Janin, 2008: 77.
|
32.
| Rait, 1918: 63–64.
|
33.
| Janin, 2008: 79.
|
34.
| Haskins [1923] 2002: 41.
|
35.
| Ibid., 46.
|
36.
| Janin, 2008: 76.
|
37.
| Ibid., 81.
|
38.
| Haskins [1923] 2002: 69.
|
39.
| Ibid., 60–61.
|
40.
| I have written on this at length on this in Stark, 2003: ch. 2.
|
41.
| Dales [1973] 1994: 83–86.
|
42.
| Ibid., 64. See also Crombie, 1953.
|
43.
| Pederson, 1985.
|
44.
| Lindberg, 1992: 230.
|
45.
| Crombie, 1953; Evans, 2002; Grant, 1996.
|
46.
| Clegg, 2004: 99.
|
47.
| Quoted in Fisher and Unguru, 1971: 358.
|
48.
| Bridges, 1914: 162. See also Clegg, 2004; Easton, 1952.
|
49.
| Benjamin and Toomer, 1971.
|
50.
| Grant, 1974: 864.
|
51.
| Crombie, 1953: 236–37.
|
52.
| Quoted in Truesdell, 1968: 82.
|
53.
| Adams, 1987; Panaccio, 2004.
|
54.
| Glick, Livesey, and Wallis, 2005: 107.
|
55.
| Klima, 2008; Zupko, 2003.
|
56.
| Clagett, 1968; Grant, 1971.
|
57.
| Moody, 1970.
|
58.
| Grant, 1994: 620–21.
|
59.
| Smoller, 1994.
|
60.
| Danielson, 2000: 98; Mason, 1962: 120–21.
|
61.
| Evans, 2002: 173. See also Bellitto, 2004; Yamaki, 2001.
|
62.
| Crosby, 1997: 104.
|
63.
| Cohen, 1985: 107.
|
64.
| Jaki, 2000; Rosen, 1971.
|
65.
| Cohen, 1985; Jaki, 2000.
|