1.
| Rosen, 2010: xvi.
|
2.
| McCloskey, 2010: 48.
|
3.
| Fogel, 2004.
|
4.
| Rosen, 2010: xvii.
|
5.
| Klein, 2007: 28.
|
6.
| Some of the very best books on the subject are: Ashton, 1955; Landes, 2003; Mokyr, 2009; Rosen, 2010; Wrigley, 2010.
|
7.
| Landes, 2003.
|
8.
| So many inventors and so many separate inventions were involved that the interested reader should consult specialized sources.
|
9.
| Smith, 2009: 82.
|
10.
| Dickinson, 1935; Rosen, 2010.
|
11.
| Roberts, 1978: 6.
|
12.
| Ellis, 1968.
|
13.
| Davies, 1975.
|
14.
| Rosen, 2010: 304–5.
|
15.
| Wikipedia, “History of Rail Transport.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rail_transport
, accessed January 11, 2014.
|
16.
| O’Brien, 1983.
|
17.
| North, 1982: 103.
|
18.
| Wrigley, 2010: 59–61.
|
19.
| Allen, 1997.
|
20.
| Galbi, 1997.
|
21.
| Rirdan, 2012.
|
22.
| For a summary, Ford, 2009.
|
23.
| Buckingham, 1961: 17.
|
24.
| Mabry and Sharplin, 1986.
|
25.
| Quoted in Mangum, 1965: 56.
|
1.
| Smith [1776] 1981: 2:613. This characterization was later repeated by Napoleon Bonaparte.
|
2.
| Baumol, 1990: 901.
|
3.
| Smith [1776] 1981: 1:540.
|
4.
| Root, 1994: 62.
|
5.
| Ibid.
|
6.
| Fogel, 1991: 46.
|
7.
| Allen, 2009: 48.
|
8.
| Ibid., 34.
|
9.
| In Landes, 1998: 222.
|
10.
| Allen, 2009: 14.
|
11.
| For a good discussion, see Mokyr, 2009.
|
12.
| Allen, 2009: 33, 49.
|
13.
| Ibid., 82.
|
14.
| Wrigley, 2010: 37.
|
15.
| Nef, 1932; Wrigley, 2010.
|
16.
| In Lewis, 2002: 69.
|
17.
| In Finley, 1965: 32–33.
|
18.
| In Childe, 1952: 53.
|
19.
| Baumol, 1990: 899.
|
20.
| In MacMullen, 1988: 61.
|
21.
| Veyne, 1961.
|
22.
| Lopez, 1976: 65–66.
|
23.
| In Stark, 2005: 193.
|
24.
| Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson, 2005.
|
25.
| Stark, 2005: 188–89. See also McCloskey, 2010: 395.
|
26.
| See McCloskey, 2010.
|
27.
| Frank, 2011; Wallerstein, 1974, 2004.
|
28.
| Engerman, 1972; Inikori, 2002; O’Brien, 1982.
|
29.
| Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson, 2005: 550.
|
30.
| Beckett, 1988: 325.
|
31.
| Mooers, 1991: 157.
|
32.
| Beckett, 1988: 23.
|
33.
| Ibid.
|
34.
| Stone, 1964: “The Educational Revolution in England, 1560–1640.”
|
35.
| Ibid., 42.
|
36.
| Ibid., 44.
|
37.
| Ibid., 45.
|
38.
| Simon, 1963.
|
39.
| Ibid.
|
40.
| Bendix, 1956.
|
41.
| Bureau of the Census, 1955: vol. 2: table Z 294.
|
42.
| Byrn [1900] 2010.
|
43.
| Klein, 2007: 24.
|
44.
| Ibid.
|
45.
| In Habakkuk, 1967: 11–12.
|
46.
| Ibid., 12–13.
|
47.
| Cobbett [1818] 1967: 195–96.
|
48.
| Mariscal and Sokoloff, 2000: 161.
|
49.
| Bureau of the Census, 1955: vol. 1: table H 700–715.
|
50.
| Engerman and Sokoloff, 1997: 254.
|
51.
| Bureau of the Census, 1955: vol. 2: table Z 1–19; Bureau of the Census, 1955: vol. 1: table A 1–5.
|
52.
| Mitchell, 1962: table 2.
|
53.
| Bureau of the Census, 1955: vol. 1: table A 1–5; Mitchell, 1962: table 2.
|
54.
| Bailyn, 1986: table 5.11.
|
55.
| Pagnamenta, 2012.
|
56.
| Griske, 2005.
|
57.
| Rickards, 1966.
|
1.
| Fieldhouse, 1973: 3.
|
2.
| Ferguson, 2004.
|
3.
| Dennis, Beach, and Fahs, 1911: 83–84.
|
4.
| Trench, 1979.
|
5.
| Ferguson, 2004: 139.
|
6.
| Fieldhouse, 1973; McCloskey, 2010; O’Brien, 1982.
|
7.
| Whitehead, 2003.
|
8.
| McCloskey, 2010: 231–38.
|
9.
| Frank, 1998, 2011; Hobson, 2004; Wallerstein, 1974, 2004.
|
10.
| Let me fully acknowledge my debt in this section to Daniel R. Headrick and his wonderful book
The Tools of Empire
(1981).
|
11.
| Lloyd, 1973.
|
12.
| Headrick, 1981: 63.
|
13.
| Curtin, 1964: 483–87.
|
14.
| Headrick, 1981: 71.
|
15.
| Brown, 2011.
|
16.
| Massie, 1992.
|
17.
| Massie, 2003.
|
18.
| Brown, 1978.
|
19.
| Headrick, 1981: 51–54.
|
20.
| Ibid., 84.
|
21.
| Ibid., 158.
|
22.
| Wesseling, 2004: x.
|
23.
| Fieldhouse, 1973: 3.
|
24.
| Fieldhouse, 1973; Wesseling, 2004.
|
25.
| Windel, 2009.
|
26.
| Whitehead, 2003.
|
27.
| Stark, 2003: 336.
|
28.
| Hiney, 2000.
|
29.
| Woodberry, 2012.
|
30.
| Dennis, Beach, and Fahs, 1911.
|
31.
| Woodberry, 2007a.
|
32.
| Delacroix, 1977.
|
33.
| Wimberly and Bello, 1992.
|
34.
| Firebaugh and Beck, 1994.
|
35.
| O’Brien, 1982, 1983a.
|
36.
| Fieldhouse, 1973; McCloskey, 2010.
|
37.
| Stark, 2005: ch. 7.
|
38.
| Frank, 1966, 1967.
|
39.
| Chirot, 2012: 15.
|
40.
| Huntington, 1997: 58.
|
41.
| Wittfogel [1957] 1981.
|