1.
| Kamen, 2002; Maltby, 2009; Thomas, 2010.
|
2.
| Hamilton, 1929; Sluiter, 1998.
|
3.
| Elliot, 1966: 180.
|
4.
| Maltby, 2002.
|
5.
| Kamen, 2002: 61.
|
6.
| Charles V proudly exhibited the treasure from the third ship in Brussels, just after his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor (Thomas, 2005: 444.)
|
7.
| Ronald, 2008.
|
8.
| Bawlf, 2003: 27.
|
9.
| Ibid., 34.
|
10.
| Ibid., 35.
|
11.
| Ibid., 67–68.
|
12.
| Ibid., 191.
|
13.
| Maltby, 2009: 86.
|
14.
| Ibid., 85.
|
15.
| Alvarez, Cebellos, and Quinteiro, 2009.
|
16.
| Maltby, 2009: 104–5.
|
17.
| Israel, 1998: 148.
|
18.
| Ibid.
|
19.
| Kamen, 2002: 178.
|
20.
| Israel, 1998: 156–57.
|
21.
| Wegg, 1924: 202–3.
|
22.
| Ibid.
|
23.
| Williams, 1975: 86.
|
24.
| Mattingly, 1962: 88.
|
25.
| Barbour, 1930: 263.
|
26.
| Mattingly, 1962: 88.
|
27.
| Marcus, 1961: 89.
|
28.
| Quoted in Mattingly, 1962: 109.
|
29.
| Marcus, 1961: 84.
|
30.
| Landes, 1998: 151.
|
31.
| Ibid.
|
32.
| Kamen, 2002: 89.
|
33.
| North and Thomas, 1973: 129.
|
34.
| Parker, 1970: 75.
|
35.
| Ibid., 85.
|
36.
| Ibid., 86.
|
37.
| Read, 1933.
|
38.
| Quoted in Kamen, 1978: 26.
|
39.
| Quoted in Cipolla, 1994: 238.
|
40.
| Both quotations from Kamen, 1978: 24–28.
|
41.
| Kamen, 1978, 2002.
|
42.
| Elliot, 1966: 33.
|
43.
| North and Thomas, 1973: 130.
|
44.
| Elliot, 1966: 120.
|
45.
| Cipolla, 1994: 239.
|
46.
| Kamen, 2002: 169.
|
47.
| Elliot, 1966: 289.
|
48.
| Kamen, 2002: 130.
|
49.
| Engerman and Sokoloff, 1997: 264; Jacobs, in Kamen, 2002: 130.
|
50.
| Thomas, 2010: 199.
|
51.
| Engerman and Sokoloff, 1997: 264.
|
52.
| Breen, 1986.
|
53.
| North and Thomas, 1973: 131.
|
54.
| Parker [1988] 2010.
|
1.
| For this section and later sections of this chapter, I draw on my own research and writing for
The Triumph of Christianity
and
For the Glory of God
. See Stark, 2003, and Stark, 2011.
|
2.
| Bainton, 1995; Kittelson, 1986; Marty, 2004; McNally, 1969; Oberman, 1992; Schweibert, 1950.
|
3.
| Oberman, 1992: 149.
|
4.
| Ibid.
|
5.
| Chadwick, 1972: 42.
|
6.
| In Oberman, 1992: 188.
|
7.
| Schwiebert, 1950: 314.
|
8.
| Eisenstein, 1979.
|
9.
| Luther [1520] 1915: 84.
|
10.
| Ibid., 139.
|
11.
| Rupp, 1981: 192.
|
12.
| In Strauss, 1975: 32.
|
13.
| Brady, 1978; Durant, 1957; Engels, [1873] 1964; Grimm, 1969, 1962; Ozment, 1980; Swanson, 1967; Tracy, 1999; Weber [1904–5] 1958; Wuthnow, 1989.
|
14.
| Coulton, 1930; Gottfried, 1985.
|
15.
| MacCulloch, 2004.
|
16.
| Holborn, 1942: 129.
|
17.
| Ibid., 130.
|
18.
| Ibid., 131.
|
19.
| Kim and Pfaff, 2012.
|
20.
| Cole, 1984; Edwards, 1994; Gilmont, 1998; Holborn, 1942.
|
21.
| Holborn, 1942: 134.
|
22.
| Stone, 1987: 102.
|
23.
| Edwards, 1994; Ozment, 1980: 201.
|
24.
| Grendler, 2004: 18.
|
25.
| Schwiebert, 1996: 471.
|
26.
| Grendler, 2004: 19.
|
27.
| Brady, 1985; Grimm, 1962; Strauss, 1988, 1978.
|
28.
| Moeller, 1972.
|
29.
| Rörig, 1969.
|
30.
| Stark, 2003: 111.
|
31.
| Chadwick, 1972: 26.
|
32.
| Bush, 1967; Hill, 1967; Latourette, 1975.
|
33.
| Latourette, 1975: 735.
|
34.
| Ibid., 737.
|
35.
| Roberts, 1968.
|
36.
| Johnson, 1976: 267.
|
37.
| Belloc [1928] 1975: 172.
|
38.
| Berger, 2002; Michael, 2006; Wiener, 1944.
|
39.
| MacCulloch, 2010: 664–73.
|
40.
| Stone, 1987: 102–3.
|
41.
| Luther’s preface to his
Kleine Catechismus
, translated in Parker, 1992: 45.
|
42.
| Strauss, 1975: 49.
|
43.
| Grim and Finke, 2010.
|
44.
| Russell, 1970: 287–88.
|
45.
| For this section, I draw on my own research and writing for
America’s Blessings
and
The Victory of Reason
. See Stark, 2012, and Stark, 2005.
|
46.
| Godbeer, 2002: 59; Morgan, 1942: 593; Smith, 1954: 11.
|
47.
| Foster, 1999: 727.
|
48.
| Ibid., 741.
|
49.
| Ibid., 742.
|
50.
| Godbeer, 2002: 60.
|
51.
| Weber [1904–5] 1958.
|
52.
| See Lenski, Nolan, and Lenski, 1995; Smelser, 1994. See also the summary in Hamilton, 1996.
|
53.
| With one minor exception, Weber took it as self-evident that throughout Europe Protestants far surpassed Catholics in educational and occupational achievement and that Protestant areas were, and had been, well ahead in the Industrial Revolution. The exception was his rather offhand citation of a study by his student Martin Offenbacher of educational attainment in Baden that purported to show that Protestant students were more likely to enroll in schools offering mathematics and science than in schools specializing in the classics. Not only is this astonishingly slim evidence for a thesis of immense historical scope, but it wasn’t even correct—the shortcomings of Offenbacher’s “findings” have been fully exposed (see Becker, 2000, 1997; Hamilton, 1996). In any event, Weber’s starting point seems to have reflected nothing more scholarly than the smug anti-Catholicism of his time and place. Daniel Chirot has suggested to me that Weber’s deep anti-Catholicism also explains his disregard for French scholarship.
|
54.
| Trevor-Roper [1969] 2001: 20–21.
|
55.
| Pirenne was refuting not Weber, whom he may not yet have read, but Sombart, 1902, and other Marxists who equated capitalism with the Industrial Revolution.
|
56.
| Gilchrist, 1969: 1.
|
57.
| Mullett, 1999.
|
58.
| Stark, 2005.
|