1.
| Frank, 1998; Pomeranz, 2000.
|
2.
| Frank, 1998.
|
3.
| Ibid., 10.
|
4.
| Cantor, 2002: 178–83.
|
5.
| Rose, 2002.
|
6.
| Chase, 2003; Norris, 2003; Parker [1988] 2010.
|
7.
| Fleming, 1960.
|
8.
| Carus-Wilson, 1952: 389–90.
|
9.
| Ibid., 386.
|
10.
| Ibid., 1952: 392.
|
11.
| Lloyd, 1982.
|
12.
| Carus-Wilson and Colman, 1963: 13.
|
13.
| Constructed from Carus-Wilson and Coleman, 1963.
|
14.
| Gray, 1924.
|
15.
| Carus-Wilson, 1952: 374.
|
16.
| Ibid., 415.
|
17.
| For this and later sections, I draw on my own research and writing for
The Victory of Reason
. See Stark, 2005.
|
18.
| Carus-Wilson, 1941: 40.
|
19.
| It has been estimated that without fulling mills, firms needed nearly half as many fullers as weavers, “whereas one fuller working at a mill would be able to finish the product of 40 to 60 weavers.” See Usher, 1966: 269.
|
20.
| Carus-Wilson, 1952: 409.
|
21.
| Usher, 1966: 270.
|
22.
| Bridbury, 1982; Gray, 1924; Miller, 1965.
|
23.
| Carus-Wilson, 1952: 422.
|
24.
| Bridbury, 1982: 103.
|
25.
| Galloway, Keene, and Murphy, 1996: 449.
|
26.
| Nef, 1934: 102.
|
27.
| Reynolds, 1983: 77–79.
|
28.
| Shedd, 1981: 477.
|
29.
| Postan, 1952: 224.
|
30.
| Pounds, 1974: 382.
|
31.
| Chandler, 1987.
|
32.
| Findlay and O’Rourke, 2009: 120–21.
|
33.
| Ibid., 121.
|
34.
| Phillips, 1998: 96.
|
35.
| Wood, 1995.
|
36.
| For a fine account of the whole controversy, see Larner, 1999.
|
37.
| Phillips, 1998: 193.
|
38.
| Ibid., 97.
|
39.
| Lopez,1976: 111.
|
40.
| Phillips, 1998: 104.
|
41.
| Bjökenstam, 1995.
|
42.
| King, 1973.
|
43.
| Pirenne [1927] 1939: 25.
|
44.
| Stark, 2009: 36–39.
|
45.
| Bridbury, 1969: 527.
|
46.
| Lewis, 1951: 242.
|
47.
| Stark, 2009.
|
48.
| Rose, 2002; Stark, 2009.
|
49.
| Konstam, 2008: 25–28.
|
50.
| Walton, 2002.
|
51.
| Konstam, 2008: 40–41.
|
52.
| Messenger, 1996.
|
53.
| Quoted in Norris, 2003: 15.
|
54.
| Ibid., 19.
|
55.
| Ibid., 52.
|
56.
| Parker, 1972: 274.
|
57.
| Ames, 2005.
|
58.
| Lopez, 1976: 111.
|
1.
| Burman, 1989: 10.
|
2.
| Quoted in Burman, 1989: 13.
|
3.
| Burman, 1989; Phillips, 1998.
|
4.
| Ibid.
|
5.
| Ibid.
|
6.
| Skelton, Marston, and Painter, 1995.
|
7.
| Luce, 1971: 53.
|
8.
| Aczel, 2000; Gurney, 2004; Hitchins and May, 1951; Kreutz, 1973; May and Howard, 1981.
|
9.
| Evans, 1998; Morrison, 2007.
|
10.
| Chabas and Goldstein, 2000.
|
11.
| Watkins, 2004: 161–62.
|
12.
| Ibid.
|
13.
| Kemp, 1976.
|
14.
| Fritze, 2002: 64.
|
15.
| Russell, 2000.
|
16.
| A nasty backstage fight took place among contributors to Wikipedia over whether to identify Prince Henry as a homosexual. There is no evidence of his homosexuality, it being entirely deduced from his celibacy. It must be noted that in this era, many men, especially among the nobility, chose celibacy despite being obvious heterosexuals—consider Saint Augustine. To me, it is unimportant whether Henry was homosexual, but I do think it important not to substitute wishful thinking for facts.
|
17.
| Fernández-Armesto, 1987: 152.
|
18.
| Ibid.
|
19.
| In
Sertorius
.
|
20.
| Babcock, 1922; Russell, 2000.
|
21.
| Ponting, 2000: 482.
|
22.
| Diffie and Winius, 1977: 61–62; Fernández-Armesto, 1987: 197.
|
23.
| Panzer, 1996: 8.
|
24.
| Fritze, 2002: 81.
|
25.
| Ibid.
|
26.
| His year of birth is disputed: some say 1460 and others say 1469. The former seems more likely, since the king of Portugal probably would not have called on a twenty-three-year-old to command a force to seize French ships in the major Portuguese harbors.
|
27.
| Subrahmanyam, 1997: 62.
|
28.
| Cliff, 2011.
|
29.
| Ibid.
|
30.
| Russell, 1991.
|
31.
| Morison, 1974.
|
32.
| Ibid., 45.
|
33.
| Columbus [1492–93] 2005: 123.
|
34.
| Ibid., 114, 138.
|
35.
| Morison, 1974: 106.
|
36.
| Arens, 1979.
|
37.
| After I had written this paragraph, I discovered Jared Diamond’s similar argument (1998: 412–13).
|
38.
| Fritze, 2002: 125.
|
39.
| Ibid., 126.
|
40.
| Jones and Ruddock, 2008.
|
1.
| Morison, 1972: 71.
|
2.
| Keegan, 1993.
|
3.
| Windschuttle, 1996: 56.
|
4.
| Hanson, 2001: 171.
|
5.
| Ibid.
|
6.
| Thomas, 1994.
|
7.
| Díaz [ca. 1555] 1996: 119.
|
8.
| Carrasco, 1999: 2.
|
9.
| Ibid., 3.
|
10.
| Ibid., 83.
|
11.
| Ibid., 192.
|
12.
| Clendinnen, 1991: 91.
|
13.
| Carrasco, 1999: 76, 81.
|
14.
| Hemming, 1970; MacQuarrie, 2008.
|
15.
| MacQuarrie, 2008: 79.
|
16.
| Hemming, 1970: 39.
|
17.
| MacQuarrie, 2008: 84.
|
18.
| Ibid.
|
19.
| Morison, 1971: 315; Wroth, 1970: 237.
|
20.
| Cook, 1993; Morison, 1971.
|
21.
| Bishop, 1948.
|
22.
| Trevelyan, 2002.
|
23.
| Bawlf, 2004; Kelsey, 1998.
|
24.
| I have written at length on slavery in
For the Glory of God: How Monotheism Led to Reformations, Science, Witch-Hunts, and the End of Slavery
(2003).
|
25.
| Rodney, 1984.
|
26.
| Thornton, 1998: 27.
|
27.
| Curtin, 1969.
|
28.
| Bean, 1975; Thomas, 1997.
|
29.
| Hurbon, 1992; Noonan, 1993.
|
30.
| Brett, 1994; Panzer, 1996.
|
31.
| Latourette, 1975: 944.
|
32.
| Davis, 1966: 228–29.
|
33.
| Harris, 1963, 1964.
|
34.
| For this section, I draw on my own research and writing for
Exploring the Religious Life
. See Stark, 2004.
|
35.
| Gay, 1969: 411.
|
36.
| Davis, 1966: 258.
|
37.
| Goveia, 1969: 132.
|
38.
| Schafer, 1994: 2–3.
|
39.
| Tannenbaum [1946] 1992.
|
40.
| Klein, 1969: 145.
|
41.
| Klein, 1967; Meltzer, 1993; Thomas, 1997.
|
42.
| Fogel, 1989: 36.
|
43.
| Dunn, 1972: 243.
|
44.
| Davis, 1966: 243.
|
45.
| Beckles, 1989; Curtin, 1969; Dunn, 1972.
|
46.
| Stark, 2003: 322.
|
47.
| In the first printing of Stark, 2003, this figure was misprinted as 31.2 percent.
|
48.
| Quoted in Himmelfarb, 2005: 20.
|
49.
| Stannard, 1993: 52.
|
50.
| Quoted in Sale, 1990: 319.
|
51.
| Washburn, 1975: 56.
|
52.
| Sale, 1990: 318.
|
53.
| Arens, 1979: 182.
|
54.
| Ibid., 45.
|
55.
| Sale, 1990: 131.
|
56.
| The distinguished David Carrasco had to confront rude demonstrators when he gave lectures on Aztec human sacrifices. See Carrasco, 1999: 4.
|
57.
| Abler, 1980; Carrasco, 1999; Culotta, 1999; Gibbons, 1997; Mead et al., 2003; Turner, 2011.
|
58.
| Díaz [ca. 1555] 1996: 102.
|
59.
| Ibid., 436–37.
|
60.
| For an extensive summary, see Axtell, 1981: 18–21.
|
61.
| Deloria, 1969: 6–7.
|
62.
| Hec Ramsey
starring Richard Boone.
|
63.
| Axtell, 1981.
|
64.
| Haines and Steckel, 2000: 68.
|
65.
| McNickle, 1975.
|
66.
| Sale, 1990: 318.
|
67.
| Arkush and Allen, 2008; Chacon and Mendoza, 2007.
|
68.
| LeBlanc, 2007; Turner, 2011.
|
69.
| Sale, 1990: 322.
|
70.
| Butzer, 1992: 348.
|
71.
| Medina-Elizalde and Rohling, 2012.
|
72.
| Schele and Freidel, 1990.
|
73.
| Fried, 1967.
|
74.
| Ruby and Brown, 1993; Ruyle, 1973.
|
75.
| Donald, 1997: 33–34.
|
76.
| Suttles and Jonaitis, 1990: 87.
|
77.
| Jahoda, 1975.
|
78.
| Quoted in Royal, 1992: 19.
|
79.
| Cook, 1998: 214.
|
80.
| Quoted in Royal, 1992: 62–63.
|
81.
| Sale, 1990: 322.
|
82.
| Diamond, 1998: 79.
|
83.
| Sowell, 1998: 251.
|
84.
| Diamond, 1998: 355.
|
85.
| Ibid., 357.
|
86.
| Sowell, 1998: 253.
|