1.
| Ahmed, 2006; Bridge, 1983; Crowley, 2005, 2008; Greenblatt, 2003; Palmer, 1994.
|
2.
| Nicolle, 2000; Norwich, 1995; Runciman, 1965: 85.
|
3.
| Nicolle, 2000.
|
4.
| Turnbull, 2004.
|
5.
| Crowley, 2005; Norwich, 1997: 374; Runciman, 1965: 77.
|
6.
| Crowley, 2005: 94.
|
7.
| Crowley, 2005; Norwich, 1997: 376.
|
8.
| As described by Nicolò Barbaro, 1969.
|
9.
| In Bostom, 2005: 616–17.
|
10.
| He spent four years as a professor at Istanbul University.
|
11.
| Runciman, 1965: 145–48.
|
12.
| Quoted in Crowley, 2008: 3.
|
13.
| Crowley, 2008.
|
14.
| Quoted in Crowley, 2008: 11.
|
15.
| To join, a man had to prove that he was from the nobility for at least four generations, on both sides of the family.
|
16.
| Murphey, 1999.
|
17.
| Crowley, 2008: 15.
|
18.
| Ibid., 21.
|
19.
| Turnbull, 2003.
|
20.
| Millar, 2008; Stoye, 2007.
|
21.
| Bradford, 1961: 13.
|
22.
| Crowley, 2008: 95.
|
23.
| Bradford, 1961: 37.
|
24.
| Crowley, 2008: 96.
|
25.
| Ibid., 102.
|
26.
| Braudel, 1976: 2:1017.
|
27.
| Sire, 1993: 68.
|
28.
| Ibid., 70.
|
29.
| Braudel, 1976: 2:1017.
|
30.
| See Beeching, 1982: 85.
|
31.
| Crowley, 2008: 196.
|
32.
| Bicheno, 2004: 44–45.
|
33.
| The gun deck was generally below the rowers, but in some models it sat above.
|
34.
| Beeching, 1982: 192; Hanson, 2001: 260.
|
35.
| Beeching, 1982: 192.
|
36.
| Hanson, 2001: 262.
|
37.
| Goldstone, 2009; Saliba, 2007.
|
38.
| Lewis, 2002: 6.
|
39.
| Ibid., 7.
|
40.
| Ibid., 6.
|
41.
| Moffett, 1992: 344.
|
42.
| Hodgson, 1974: 1:298.
|
43.
| Ibid.
|
44.
| Hill, 1993: 10.
|
45.
| Kollek and Pearlman, 1970: 59; Gil, 1992: 94.
|
46.
| Bloom, 2007: 7.
|
47.
| Hill, 1993.
|
48.
| Nasr, 1993: 135–36.
|
49.
| Ibid., 136.
|
50.
| For examples of such claims, see Ajram, 1992.
|
51.
| Quoted in Brickman, 1961: 85.
|
52.
| Dickens, 1999: 8.
|
53.
| Brickman, 1961: 84.
|
54.
| In Peters, 1993: 90.
|
55.
| Gil, 1992: 470.
|
56.
| Quoted in Gil, 1992: 470.
|
57.
| Pickthall, 1927.
|
58.
| Farah, 1994: 199.
|
59.
| Jaki, 1986: 208.
|
60.
| See Colish, 1997; Stark, 2003: ch. 2.
|
61.
| Stanley Lane-Pool, quoted in Fletcher, 1992: 172.
|
62.
| Menocal, 2002.
|
63.
| Hodgson, 1974: vol. 1.
|
64.
| Ibid., 1:268.
|
65.
| Payne [1959] 1995: 105.
|
66.
| Hodgson, 1974; Payne [1959] 1995.
|
67.
| For this section, I draw on my own research and writing for
The Triumph of Christianity.
See Stark, 2011.
|
68.
| Little, 1976: 563.
|
69.
| Ibid., 567.
|
70.
| Quoted in Little, 1976: 568.
|
71.
| Browne [1933] 1967: 163.
|
72.
| In Foltz, 2000: 129.
|
73.
| Browne [1933] 1967: 167.
|
74.
| Ibid., 169.
|
75.
| Jenkins, 2008.
|
76.
| Browne [1933] 1967: 170.
|
77.
| Ibid., 171.
|
78.
| Marozzi, 2004: 264.
|
79.
| Hookham, 1981: 424.
|
80.
| Moffett, 1992: 485.
|
81.
| Jenkins, 2008: 138.
|
82.
| Hodgson, 1974; Kister, 1986; Rodinson, 1980.
|
83.
| Rodinson, 1980: 213.
|
84.
| Stark, 2001.
|
85.
| Ibid.
|
86.
| Alroy, 1975.
|
1.
| “Every body persists in its state of being at rest or of moving straight forward, except insofar as it is compelled to change its state by force impressed.” Newton [1687] 1971: 13.
|
2.
| Shapin, 1996: 1.
|
3.
| Stark, 2003, 2005, 2011.
|
4.
| Gribbin, 2005: xiv.
|
5.
| Hannam, 2011b: 48.
|
6.
| Bloch [1940] 1961: 83.
|
7.
| This data set differs slightly from the version that appeared in my earlier version. See Stark, 2003.
|
8.
| Russell, 1959: 232.
|
9.
| Kearney, 1964: especially 95.
|
10.
| Kearney, 1964; Rabb, 1965
|
11.
| Shapiro, 1968: 288.
|
12.
| Kocher, 1953: 4.
|
13.
| Gascoigne, 1990.
|
14.
| Westfall, 1971: 105.
|
15.
| Gribben, 2005: 125.
|
16.
| Kearney, 1964: 94.
|
17.
| Gascoigne, 1990: table 5.1.
|
18.
| Grant, 1984: 68.
|
19.
| Ozment, 1980: 191.
|
20.
| Rashdall [1936] 1977: 3:408.
|
21.
| Kearney, 1964: 100.
|
22.
| Stone, 1964.
|
23.
| Stone, 1972: 75.
|
24.
| McCloskey, 2010: 403.
|
25.
| Whitehead [1925] 1967: 13.
|
26.
| Ibid., 12.
|
27.
| René Descartes,
Oeuvres
: book 8, ch. 61.
|
28.
| In Crosby, 1997: 83.
|
29.
| Whitehead [1925] 1967: 13.
|
30.
| Needham, 1954: 581.
|
31.
| Lindberg, 1992: 54.
|
32.
| I have written extensively on this in Stark, 2003: ch. 2.
|
33.
| In Bradley, 2001: 160.
|
34.
| In Merton, 1938: 447.
|
35.
| Einstein, 1987, 131.
|
36.
| Quoted in Finocchiaro, 2009: 68.
|
37.
| Ibid.
|
38.
| Drake and O’Malley, 1960.
|
39.
| Brooke and Cantor, 1998: 20.
|
40.
| Ibid., 110.
|
41.
| Shea, 1986: 132.
|
42.
| Mason, 1950.
|
43.
| Landes, 1994: 649.
|