1.
| Brown [1971] 1989.
|
2.
| Brown, 1997: 14–15.
|
3.
| Hayek, 1988: 33.
|
4.
| Privat et al., 2002; Wells, 2008: 139–40.
|
5.
| For this section and later sections in this chapter, I draw on my own research and writing for
The Triumph of Christianity
. See Stark, 2011.
|
6.
| Fremantle, 1954: ix.
|
7.
| Voltaire,
Works
, vol. 12.
|
8.
| Quoted in Gay, 1966.
|
9.
| Gibbon,
The History of the Decline and Fall
, 6:71.
|
10.
| Russell, 1959: 142.
|
11.
| Van Doren, 1991: 89.
|
12.
| Ibid., 95–97.
|
13.
| Manchester, 1993: 3.
|
14.
| Osborne, 2006: 163.
|
15.
| Ibid., 165.
|
16.
| Ibid., 163.
|
17.
| Ibid.
|
18.
| Bridbury, 1969: 533.
|
19.
| Van Doren, 1991: 91.
|
20.
| Williams-McClanahan, 2006: 2.
|
21.
| Bridbury, 1969: 532.
|
22.
| Jankuhn, 1982; Wells, 2008.
|
23.
| Hodges, 1989b; McCormick, 2001.
|
24.
| Harris, 1989: 272.
|
25.
| Singman, 1999: 54–55; Wells, 2008: 139.
|
26.
| Dopsch, 1969; the quotation is a summary of Dopsch’s conclusions in Postan, 1952: 158.
|
27.
| Manchester, 1993: 3.
|
28.
| Pyle, 1888: 1.
|
29.
| See Waterbolk, 1968: 1099.
|
30.
| Jones, 1987: 105.
|
31.
| Ibid., 106.
|
32.
| Jones, 2003: 227.
|
33.
| Arnold, 1984; Burmeister, 2000; Hamerow, 1997; Hodges, 1989a.
|
34.
| Wells, 2008: 33, 31.
|
35.
| Arnold, 1984; Burmeister, 2000; Hamerow, 1997; Hodges, 1989a; Wells, 2008.
|
36.
| Chirot, 1985: 183.
|
37.
| Gimpel, 1976: viii, 1.
|
38.
| White, 1962: 151.
|
39.
| Duby, 1974: 4.
|
40.
| Heather, 2006: 87.
|
41.
| White, 1962: 43.
|
42.
| McNeil, 1996: 21.
|
43.
| Russell, 1958.
|
44.
| For this section, I draw on my own research and writing for
The Victory of Reason
. See Stark, 2005: 38–40.
|
45.
| Lopez, 1976: 43.
|
46.
| Holt, 1988: 7–8. This is an undercount, since the book is known to be incomplete. See Gies and Gies, 1994: 113.
|
47.
| Gimpel, 1976: 13.
|
48.
| Ibid., 16.
|
49.
| Gies and Gies, 1994: 117.
|
50.
| Landes, 1998: 46.
|
51.
| Gimpel, 1976: 14.
|
52.
| Ibid., 25–27.
|
53.
| Leighton, 1972: 74–75.
|
54.
| Postan, 1952: 148.
|
55.
| Haywood, 1999.
|
56.
| Ibid., 32–33.
|
57.
| Ibid., 36–37.
|
58.
| Unger and Gardiner, 2000.
|
59.
| Gilfillan, 1945: 66.
|
60.
| Tacitus,
Germany and Its Tribes
: 5–6.
|
61.
| Musset [1965] 1993: 203.
|
62.
| The recently deciphered second-century map of Germania created by Ptolemy reveals that there were many cities in this era (Kleineberg et al., 2011).
|
63.
| Holmqvist, 1979.
|
64.
| Wells, 2008: 143–44.
|
65.
| Holmqvist, 1979; Jankuhn, 1982; Wells, 2008.
|
66.
| Jankuhn, 1982.
|
67.
| Pirenne [1927] 1939.
|
68.
| Bridbury, 1969: 527.
|
69.
| Lopez, 1952: 261.
|
70.
| Wells, 2008: 154.
|
71.
| Wells, 2008.
|
72.
| Bridbury, 1969: 533.
|
73.
| Daniel, 1981: 705.
|
74.
| Gardner and Crosby, 1959: 236.
|
75.
| Johnson, 2003: 190.
|
76.
| Stark, 2009: 3–4.
|
77.
| Wigelsworth, 2006: 89.
|
78.
| Smail, 1995: 81.
|
79.
| Ayton, 1999: 188.
|
80.
| Many have suggested that the high cost of medieval arms and armor led to the feudal system, because a lord, rather than equipping and supporting his men-at-arms, assigned land to each of them that would provide sufficient rents to arm and support them. Recently, however, historians have mostly dispensed with the whole notion of feudalism on grounds that the relationships that have defined it seldom if ever really existed in medieval Europe. See Brown, 1974; Reynolds, 1994.
|
81.
| White, 1962: 35.
|
82.
| Payne-Gallwey, 2007.
|
83.
| Boutell [1907] 1996: 105–6.
|
84.
| Oakeshott [1960] 1996: 83.
|
85.
| Lewis, 1969: 56–57.
|
86.
| White, 1962: 30.
|
87.
| Ayton, 1999: 193.
|
88.
| Quoted in Karsh, 2007: 4.
|
89.
| Davis, 2001: 105.
|
90.
| Quoted in Mitchell and Creasy, 1964: 111.
|
91.
| Hanson, 2001; Montgomery, 1968.
|
92.
| Both quotations from Mitchell and Creasy, 1964: 110–11.
|
93.
| Davis, 1913: 363.
|
94.
| White, 1962, 1940.
|
95.
| Mitchell and Creasy, 1964.
|
96.
| Gibbon [1776–88] 1994: 5:52:336.
|
97.
| Delbrück [1920] 1990: 441.
|
98.
| Hitti, 2002: 469.
|
99.
| Cardini, 2001: 9
|
100.
| Lewis [1982] 2002: 19.
|
101.
| Ibid., 59–60.
|
102.
| Hanson, 2001.
|
103.
| Barbero, 2004: 118.
|
1.
| Bohemond of Taranto and Robert, Duke of Normandy.
|
2.
| Stark, 2009.
|
3.
| It is true, of course, that the name “Europe” originated with the ancient Greeks and that the term
Europa
was sometimes used in the Middle Ages. But “Europe” was rather nonexistent much before the eighteenth century.
|
4.
| Cantor, 1993: 193–94.
|
5.
| Ferguson, 2009: 114.
|
6.
| Ibid., 60.
|
7.
| Ibid., 61.
|
8.
| Jones, 1984: 192–94.
|
9.
| Ropars et. al, 2011.
|
10.
| Quoted in Ferguson, 2009: 42.
|
11.
| In Ferguson, 2009: 54.
|
12.
| Bauer, 2010: 468.
|
13.
| Carpenter, 2004: 82–83.
|
14.
| Thomas, 2003: 105–37.
|
15.
| Daniell, 2003: 13–14.
|
16.
| Ibid.
|
17.
| Russell, 1987: 138.
|
18.
| For this section, I draw on my own research and writing for
God’s Battalions: The Case for the Crusades
. See Stark, 2009: ch. 2.
|
19.
| Brown, 2003: 36.
|
20.
| Brown, 2003: 37.
|
21.
| Norwich, 1991: 285.
|
22.
| Ibid.
|
23.
| Brown, 2003: 42.
|
24.
| In Van Houts, 2000: 243.
|
25.
| Matthew, 1992.
|
26.
| See Stark, 2009.
|
27.
| Both examples from Riley-Smith, 1997: 37–38. There were many similar incidents; see Runciman, 1969: 78.
|
28.
| Runciman, 1969: 78.
|
29.
| Duncalf, 1969: 276.
|
30.
| Ibid., 267.
|
31.
| Riley-Smith, 1997.
|
32.
| Ibid.
|
33.
| A fifth, led by Hugh of Vermandois, was largely destroyed by a disaster at sea.
|
34.
| Comnena [ca. 1148] 1969: 422.
|
35.
| France, 1994: 116.
|
36.
| Anonymous [ca. 1102] 1962: 6, 10.
|
37.
| France, 1994: 118.
|
38.
| Ibid., 279.
|
39.
| Anonymous [ca. 1102] 1962: 69.
|
40.
| Runciman, 1951, 1:279.
|
41.
| Fulcher of Chartres [ca. 1127] 1969: 150.
|
42.
| Hamilton, 2000; LaMonte, 1932; Prawer, 1972; Riley-Smith, 1973; Runciman, 1951; Tyerman, 2006. For this section, I draw on my own research and writing for
The Triumph of Christianity
. See Stark, 2011: ch. 13.
|
43.
| Madden, 1999: 49.
|
44.
| Tyerman, 2006: 179; Issawi, 1957: 272.
|
45.
| New York Times
, June 20, 1999, sec. 4, p. 15.
|
46.
| Carroll, 2004: 5.
|
47.
| Armstrong, 2001: 4.
|
48.
| Irwin, 2006: 213.
|
49.
| Tyerman, 2006: 351.
|
50.
| Siberry, 1995: 368.
|
51.
| Ibid., 115.
|
52.
| Quoted in Madden, 1999: 78.
|
53.
| Madden, 1999: 181.
|
54.
| Ibid.
|
55.
| Ibid., 181–82.
|
56.
| Duffy, 1997: 27.
|
57.
| Fletcher, 1997: 38.
|
58.
| Cheetham, 1983; Duffy, 1997; McBrien, 2000.
|
59.
| Stark, 2004: 56.
|
60.
| Fletcher, 1997: 236.
|
61.
| For this section, I draw on my own research and writing for
Cities of God and The Triumph of Christianity
. See Stark, 2006; Stark, 2011.
|
62.
| Lofland and Stark, 1965.
|
63.
| Stark and Finke, 2000.
|
64.
| Kox, Meeus, and t’Hart, 1991; Smilde, 2005; Stark and Finke, 2000.
|
65.
| Turner and Killian, 1987: 5.
|
66.
| Brøndsted, 1965; Mayr-Harting, 1993; Sawyer, 1982; Sawyer and Sawyer, 1993; Stark, 2001.
|
67.
| Sawyer, 1982: 134.
|
68.
| Brøndsted, 1965: 312.
|
69.
| Ibid., 306.
|
70.
| Ibid., 307.
|
71.
| Nickerson, 1999; Stark, Hamberg, and Miller, 2005; Swatos and Gissurarson, 1997.
|
72.
| Mayr-Harting, 1993: 109.
|
73.
| Erdoes, 1988: 26.
|
74.
| Ibid.
|
75.
| Lopez, 1969: 61.
|
76.
| Davis, 1970: 137.
|