Modern Mind: An Intellectual History of the 20th Century (190 page)

Read Modern Mind: An Intellectual History of the 20th Century Online

Authors: Peter Watson

Tags: #World History, #20th Century, #Retail, #Intellectual History, #History

Yezhov, N. I., 324

Yom Kippur War (1973), 589

Young, Andrew, 525

Young, Michael:
The Rise of the Meritocracy,
448–9, 698

Yung Wing, 70

Zabel, William, 446

Zadkine, Ossip, 355

Zehme, Albertine, 58–9

Zemlinsky, Alexander von, 56

Zentralblatt für Mathematik und ihre Grenzgebiete,
352

Zervos, Christian, 336

Zhdanov, Andrei, 320, 412, 474

Zhou Enlai, 540

Zhoukoud, Adolf, 311, 313

Ziegler, Adolf, 312

Zimbabwe, 556–7

Zimbalist, Efrem, 356

Znaniecki, Florian, 282

Zola, Emile, 24, 43, 209, 245, 327

Zuckmayer, Carl, 231

Zukor, Adolph, 87

Zurich, 161, 229

Zweig, George, 569

Zweig, Stefan, 28, 44, 228, 307, 353

INDEX OF IDEAS AND SUBJECTS

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abstract art, 63–5

abstract expressionism, 510–11, 515

acetylene-based fabrics, 343

acquisitive society, 186–7, 208, 210

Addison’s disease, 103

adenine, 480

adolescence, 278–9

adrenaline, 103

advertising: emphasises prodigality, 594; and pop art, 511; and status, 446

aeronautics
see
flight

aesthetic experience: and corporate business, 591

aesthetics: value (cultural), 722–3; Vienna and, 29
see also
canon (literary); culture affluence, 441–3, 520, 591

‘African Mind’, 527;
see also Négritude

Afro-Americans
see
US minorities, racial

agitprop, 165–6, 474

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), 658, 660, 662–3, 764

alcoholism, 103–4

alienation, 53, 225, 289, 292, 408, 599, 640, 704

alternative consciousness, 502

altruism, 619

amplification, 476–7, 617

anaerobes, 685

‘angry young men’, 463–5

animal behaviour (ethology), 309–10, 606–12

anthropic principle, 742

anthropology: applied to US society, 212–15; and cultural variations, 278–81, 461–2, 674–6; Frazer and, 30, 60; Freeman challenges, 665; and native

Americans, 116–20; and psychoanalysis, 141–2; and study of

adolescence, 278–9;
see also
Ruth Benedict; Franz Boas; Margaret Mead; Clifford Geertz

antibiotics, 367–8

antidepressants, 501, 597

anti-psychiatry, 502

anti-Semitism: decline of, 760; German, 42–3, 394; growth of, 71; Heidegger and, 309; Hitler and, 243–4; in Hungary, 181; Jung’s, 759; and literary canon, 726–7; in USA, 327, 352, 435; in Vienna, 12, 33, 45, 56, 243; Zola condemns, 327;
see also
holocaust; Jews; National Socialism; race theory

apartheid, 526

Apollo space program (USA), 566–8

archaeology: in Africa, 725–8; and cultural distribution, 555–65; in Egypt and Middle East, 246–52;
see also
dendrochronology; Potassium-Argon dating; radiocarbon dating; and individual sites and peoples in Index of Names, People and Places

architecture: and Bauhaus, 34, 223–4; ‘brown world’, 332; and Flatiron Building, 80–2; international style, CIAM, 331–2, 622;
Plan Voisin
, 332; and Pompidou Centre (Paris), 621–3; postmodern, 679; in Vienna, 26–7, 34–5; ‘white world’, 332;
see also
individual architects and buildings in Index of Names, People and Places

Arica, 598–9

Armory Show, New York (1912), 126–8

ARPANET, 736–7

arrhenoplasm, 33

artificial life, 746, 748

Aryans and Aryanism, 40, 42–3, 241, 296, 315

Ashcan school (painters), 85–6, 89

astrology, 602–3

astrophysics (and cosmology): and cosmic radiation, 569–73; and Eddington’s relativity experiments, 183–5, 264; and unstable universe, 264–6;
see also,
‘Big Bang’; nuclear synthesis

atomic bomb: development of, 392–3, 395–401; dropped on Japan, 401–2, 728–9; in USSR, 507;
see also
hydrogen bomb; nuclear energy

atomic structure
see
particle physics

atonality, 56–7, 230, 512

autism, 506

automatic writing, 164

automation, 365

avant-garde (art), 107, 126–9, 161–7, 203–4, 510–12; defined, 53;
see also
modernism

awareness movement, 600–1

baby boom, 537

background radiation
see
relict radiation

bakelite
(earlier
Bakalite), 97–8

ballet, 130–2, 357–9, 510, 512–15

Bantu (people), 557

Beat culture, 454–6, 595, 760

behaviorism, 495–8, 500, 551

Bell Curve, 698–9

beta decay, 393

beta-blockers, 659

‘Big Bang’ theory, 508, 569–71, 740–1,
751, 755

‘Big brother’, 473

bioenergetics, 598

birth control
see
contraception

black body problem, 22–3

black holes, 572–3, 739–41, 755

blacks
see
US minorities, racial

Blaue Reiter, Der (movement), 55

‘blight of dullness’, 521, 680

blood transfusion, 147

boosterism, 210

Boxer Rising (China, 1898), 70

branes, 745

Brownian motion, 61, 95

Brücke, Die (movement), 55

bull cults, 251

business administration: education for, 78–80

business-cycle theory, 652

Cambrian Explosion, 686

cancer research, 658–62, 666, 700

canon (literary), 722–6, 732–3

capitalism: and alienation, 436; collapse foretold, 224, 293, 378; communist alternative, 294; and cooperation, 389; as creative haven, 767; and culture, 186–8; Daniel Bell on, 593–4; Orwell writes against, 288; and Protestant ethic, 46–7; static nature, 378; universal evolution towards, 753

carbon-14 dating
see
radiocarbon dating

catastrophe theory, 746–7

cathode rays, 21

Catholicism: and modernism, 53; resists scientific revolution, 67–9; values, 46–7;
see also
Christianity

cave paintings (prehistoric), 368–70

cavity magnetron, 366, 392

cellophane, 343

celluloid, 97

Cepheid stars, 182

ceremonies of the whole, 30

CFCs, 586

chaoplexity, 746–7, 764

chaos theory, 746

chemical bond, 266, 268, 343–4

chemistry, 96, 266–7

childhood: understanding of, 77–8, 498–500

chimpanzees: studied, 608–9, 611, 618

Christianity: as ‘absolute religion’, 753–4; Christopher Hill on changes in, 603–4; and discovery of Dead Sea scrolls, 574–5; ‘Five Fundamentals’, 207; and Nazism, 314–15; opposition to evolution theory, 207–8; and other religions, 188; reaction to scientific revolution, 67–9, 575–8; and revisionist theology, 576–9; and secularisation, 604; and social principles, 381–2, 388; and transcendent truth, 472; and Vatican II, 579–80; worldwide spread of, 245;
see also
religion

chromosomes, 114–15, 373–4;
see also
genes

church-going, 603–4

cinema
see
films and cinema

cities: decline and rehabilitation in USA, 520–2, 680; Mumford on, 289

civil disobedience, 549

civil rights movement (USA), 391, 523–4, 528–9, 551, 753

class (social), 284–6, 448–9, 451

climate: human influence on, 586

cloning, 614–16

code-breaking (wartime), 361–4

Cold War, the, 410, 444, 474, 481, 507, 517, 538, 591

colloids, 344

colonialism, 714–15

Colossus (calculating machine), 364–5

communism: collapse of, 753; and Cuban missile crisis, 517; French intellectuals embrace, 412–13; ideology of, 632; repression under, 539–44; US suppression of, 434; Western attitudes to, 292–4, 386–7; world spread of, 517;
see also
Marxism

computers, 363–5;
see also
Internet

Confucianism, 69–71, 178–9

Consciousness I, II and III, 583–4, 586

consciousness studies, 701–3, 746, 756

consilience, 692, 768

constructivism, 68, 166

consumerism, 444–6

continental drift, 122–4, 553–4, 570

contraception, 428–9, 526

corporations (business): and planning, 590–2

correspondence (in quantum physics), 259

cosmetic surgery, 147

cosmic rays, 508

cosmic string, 741

cosmological constant, 265

cosmology
see
astrophysics

counter-culture, 537, 594–8

creation
see
‘Big Bang’ theory; universe

crisis theology, 576

critical mass (nuclear fission), 396

critical theory, 226

criticism (literary), 347, 465–6

Cubism, 63, 129, 131

cults and sects, 603–4

Cultural Left, 467

Cultural Revolution (China), 539–40

cultural studies (and culture wars), 716–35, 768

culture: Blooms’ attack on decline of, 720–3; cross-over, 769; Snow-Leavis ‘two-culture’ debate, 467–70; tradition and levels of, 450–3, 466–7, 470, 706;
see also
anthropology

cuneiform writing, 249

cyberspace, 738

cytosine, 480

Dada, 161–4

Darwinism: and pessimism, 38; Social, 40–4, 47–8, 60, 113, 122, 136, 241, 244, 246, 318–21, 453;
see also
evolution

dating methods
see
dendrochronology; potassium-argon method; radiocarbon dating

DDT
(earlier
DDD), 582–3

Dead Sea scrolls, 574–5

decolonisation, 460

deconstruction, 627, 631–2

défaillance,
672–3

degeneration, 38, 43–5, 53, 606

democracy, 753–4

demythologising, 576–7

dendrochronology, 252–3, 563, 565

dinosaurs: extinction of, 686–8

direct analysis, 663

dissonance (musical): emancipation of, 56

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): and cloning, 614–16; deep geometry of, 748; discovery of structure of, 374, 478–81; and genetic fingerprinting, 682–3; and human inequalities, 697; mitochondrial, 689; and origins of life, 684;
see also
nucleic acid