84
Canada and Turkey, and above Australia and Poland.
. . . Ibid., 248.
84
African American buying power equal to that of Canada.
... Ibid., 249.
84
pennies on the Black dollar” to the Black community.
... Ibid., 243.
85
twice the number of existing Subways in the world.)
. . . Addy et al., “The Empowerment Experiment,” 247.
85
can create 551,724 to 896,551 new jobs.”
. . . Ibid., 247.
86
The answer: $32.2 billion.
... Ibid., 243.
Chapter 6
96
few big players because that business is challenging.”
. . . Gary Lampley, interview with author, February 4, 2011.
96
has a great deal of talent but lacks access to capital. ”
. . . Ibid.
97
amassing of capital comes from generations. ”
. . . Steven Rogers, interview with author, January 31, 2011.
97
the chance for that intergenerational wealth. ”
. . . Ibid.
97
wealth among Whites and Asians is eleven times higher.
... Fairlie and Robb,
Race and Entrepreneurial Success
, 3.
98
1 to 1.7 percent higher than what White-owned firms paid.
. . . David G. Blanchflower, Phillip B. Levine, and David J. Zimmerman,
Discrimination in the Small Business Credit Market
(Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002).
Chapter 7
119
of the White community and the Black community. ”
. . . Clarence B. Jones, interview with author, October 8, 2010.
119
and the capital assets in the White community. ”
. . . Ibid.
120
who were always economically disadvantaged,” Jones said.
. . . Ibid.
Chapter 8
130
only comfort we should expect will be in an afterlife. ”
. . . Stephens,
Talking Dollars and Making Sense
, 20.
131
it is time to claim it as being long past due. ”
. . . Ibid., 22.
131
financial problems that exist in the Black community. ”
. . . Ibid., 16.
131
anything that can be considered racially divisive. ”
. . . Dr. Juliet Walker, interview with author, October 6, 2010.
132
what they've acquired than some of the older ones. ”
. . . Jones interview, October 8, 2010.
134
What people chose to do with that remains to be seen. ”
. . . Ted Gregory, “Adding Up Family's Year Buying Black,”
Chicago Tribune
, January 11, 2010.
139
benefits of reforms can further compound resistance.”
. . . Raghuram Rajan, “Crabs in a Bucket: Why Constituencies Are as Important as Constitutions in Battling Underdevelopment,”
Finance & Development
43, no. 2 (June 2006): 4.
139
and I'll never have anything, so why try?”
. . . Stephens,
Talking Dollars and Making Sense
, 22.
139
whites drove blacks out of their trades.”
. . . Jessie Carney Smith, ed.,
The Encyclopedia of African American Business
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006), xxviii.
140
highly suspicious charges of raping White women.
... Walker interview, October 6, 2010.
140
as punishment for those dubious allegations of rape.
... Arthur F. Raper, “Lynchings and What They Mean,” Southern Commission on the Study of Lynching, 1931.
140
political competition from their poorer Black neighbors.
... Raper, “Lynchings and What They Mean.”
141
beauty supply industry, which generates over $9 billion a year.
... Jeff Stilson,
Good Hair
, Roadside Attractions, Los Angeles, CA, 2009.
141
people who are inflicted with their own sense of inferiority.”
. . . Jones interview, October 8, 2010.
Chapter 10
170
of the average sales for White-owned businesses.
... Robert W. Fairlie and Alicia M. Robb “Why Are Black-Owned Businesses Less Successful than White-Owned Businesses? The Role of Families, Inheritances, and Business Human Capital,”
Journal of Labor Economics
25, no. 2 (2007): 293.
170
compared to 30.4 percent for White-owned firms.
. . . Ibid.
170
40 percent of all Black-owned firms had negative profits.
. . . Ibid.
170
Black firms were one-half that of white firms.
... Ibid.
171
a family member's business before starting their own.
... Ibid., 290.
171
27.4 percent of non-minority-owned businesses.
... Ying Lowrey, “Dynamics of Minority-Owned Employer Establishments 1997â2001” US Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy, February 2005,
http://archive.sba.gov/advo/research/rs251tot.pdf
, 1.
172
black-owned firms are associated with less successful businesses.”
. . . Fairlie and Robb, “Why Are Black-Owned Businesses Less Successful than White-Owned Businesses?” 309.
172
the rate for White business owners was 23.3 percent.
... Ibid., 296.
172
general and specific business human capital.”
. . . Ibid., 312.
178
Bronzeville, rose 67 and 192 percent, respectively. ”
. . . Derek S. Hyra,
The New Urban Renewal: The Economic Transformation of Harlem and Bronzeville
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 43.
178
the White population grew to 4 percent.
. . . Ibid., 167.
179
that those merchants are following the money.
... Ibid., 3.
179
once-impoverished neighborhoods like Bronzeville.
. . . Hyra,
The New Urban Renewal,
130.
179
Sheryll Cashin calls “integration exhaustion. ”
. . . Sheryll Cashin,
The Failures of Integration: How Race and Class Are Undermining the American Dream
(New York: PublicAffairs, 2004), 5.
179
also influence the changes that occur in a neighborhood.
. . . Hyra,
The New Urban Renewal
, 147.
179
property values and the displacement of the poor. ”
. . . Ibid., 149.
180
the neediest to other high-poverty neighborhoods.
... Ibid., 146.
180
“historic preservation and racial heritage tourism.”
. . . Michelle Boyd, “The Downside of Racial Uplift: The Meaning of Gentrification in an African American Neighborhood,”
City & Society
17, no. 2 (2005): 271.
180
a version of the “rising tide lifts all boats” aphorism.
. . . Ibid., 274, 276.
181
cost of neighborhood goods and services,” Boyd notes.
. . . Ibid., 281â83.
181
Whites and neighborhoods looking to catch a break.
. . . Mary Pattillo, “Introduction,”
Black on the Block: The Politics of Race and Class in the City
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
181
simultaneously debates over what it means to be black. ”
. . . Ibid.
182
higher-end stores in Bronzeville were somewhat scarce.
... Joslyn Slaughter, interview with author, October 8, 2010.
182
learn that we deserve to live in a different environment.”
. . . Ibid.
183
nice amenities like everybody else.”
. . . Ibid.
186
only serve to strengthen the whites in power.”
. . . Sudhir Alladi Venkatesh, “Urban Puzzle,”
Boston Globe
, March 31, 2007, 4.
Chapter 11
188
She definitely made an impact.”
. . . Joyce King, e-mail to Chike Akua, November 4, 2009.
Epilogue
204
African American businesses that we otherwise wouldn't have.
... Addy et al., “The Empowerment Experiment,” 235.
205
something with which Karriem might take issue.
... Ibid., 249.
205
their diversity can be seen as valuable and appealing.
. . . Ibid., 252.
205
in the Black population that have yet to be achieved.”
. . . Ibid., 256.
206
an economic argument that says this is good for business.”
. . . Steven Rogers, interview with author, January 31, 2011.
207
nationwide, including 126 owned by African Americans.
. . . Information provided by Donna Meacham Blackman, CPA, Vice President, Finance, Global Lodging Services FBP, Marriott International Inc.
208
“to be wealth creators, instead of wealth spenders.”
. . . New York Life agent promotional material for The $50 Billion Empowerment Plan.
211
needed,” I felt my heart drop into my stomach.
... Slaughter interview, October 8, 2010.
212
who are not comfortable with the status quo.”
. . . Corey Tabor, interview with author, February 28, 2011.
216
social and economic pathologies in our communities.”
. . . Jones interview, October 12, 2010.
Index
Abilene, Texas
Abolitionists
Absence.
See
Industry sector gaps
Accenture
Accessibility.
See
Business accessibility
Action vs. good intentions
Addy, Dwetri
Advance Auto Parts
“Advancement in betrayal” perspective
Advantage Chevrolet
Advertiser appeasement, example of
Advertising industry
Affirmative Action
Afram Cosmetics
Africa
African American MBA Association
African Baptist Church