Authors: Rosemary Sullivan
Senator Samuel Hayakawa
: English professor; president of
San Francisco State University; US Senator for California from 1977 to 1983; died 1992; wife, Marge (Margedant), sister of Wesley Peters.
Olga Margedant Peters (Chrese Evans)
: Svetlana’s daughter with Wesley Peters; born in San Rafael, California, in 1971.
TALIESIN FOUNDATION:
Olgivanna Wright
: born Olga Ivanovna Lazovich in Montenegro in 1897; third wife of Frank Lloyd Wright (married in 1928); student of G. I. Gurdjieff; ran the Taliesin Fellowship from Wright’s death in 1959 until her own death in 1985.
Iovanna Wright
: only child of Frank Lloyd and Olgivanna Wright.
Svetlana (Hinzenberg) Wright
: daughter of Olgivanna and first husband, Valdemar Hinzenberg; married Wesley Peters in 1934; died with her son, Daniel, in a car crash in 1946.
Brandoch Peters
: born in 1941; son of Wesley and Svetlana Peters; survived a car crash at age five; cellist and failed cattle farmer.
LOVERS IN THE UNITED STATES:
Louis Fischer
: journalist; author of ten books, including 1952 biography of Stalin; professor at Princeton, affiliated with the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs when he met Svetlana in 1969.
Max Hayward
: professor of Soviet literary politics at St. Antony’s College, Oxford; translator of
Doctor Zhivago
and Svetlana’s 1967 article “To Boris Leonidovich Pasternak.”
Tom Turner
: fifty-two-year-old businessman and Dominican tertiary (lay brother); died of cancer in 1989, a year after Svetlana and he began a relationship.
FRIENDS IN THE UNITED STATES:
Marie Anderson
: friend in Spring Green, Wisconsin.
Arkady Belinkov
: sentenced to death age twenty-three as anti-Soviet; reprieved: spent twelve years in the Gulag; fled with his wife, Natalia, to West Germany in 1968, and to the United States.
Douglas Bushnell
: wealthy Princeton businessman who briefly played substitute father to Svetlana’s daughter Olga in Princeton in 1977.
Paul Chavchavadze
: Georgian prince from the Caucasus; fled to England and then to the United States in 1934; translated
Only One Year
; his wife, Nina, was the daughter of the tsar’s uncle.
Michael Coyne
: son of Elizabeth Coyne, Svetlana’s close friend in Spring Green.
Joan Kennan
: daughter of George Kennan; hosted Svetlana in the summer of 1967.
Priscilla Johnson McMillan
: journalist specializing in Soviet affairs; translator of
Twenty Letters to a Friend
; Svetlana stayed at father’s residence on her arrival in the United States.
Thomas Miller
: American volcanologist, made annual trips to Kamchatka.
Walter Pozen
: lawyer; second husband of Joan Kennan; helped sort Svetlana’s finances.
Kathy Rossing
: daughter of Elizabeth Coyne, Svetlana’s close friend in Spring Green.
Rosa Shand
: met Svetlana in Princeton; introduced her to Terry Waite and Quaker Friends’ School.
Edmund Wilson
: eminent critic of American literature; Russian expert.
In England:
Sir Isaiah Berlin
: Russo-British philosopher, writer, translator; held professorships at Harvard and Oxford; facilitated Svetlana’s move to England in 1982.
Mary Burkett
: lived at Isel Hall in Cockermouth, England; world specialist on felt making.
Philippa Hill
: widow of a well-known physicist; neighbor on Chaucer Road, Cambridge.
Linda and Laurence Kelly
: neighbors in Cambridge: he wrote studies of Alexander Griboyedov and Mikhail Lermontov.
Nina Lobanov-Rostosky
: neighbor in London; her husband’s father was killed under Stalin.
Malcolm Muggeridge
: British media personality, notorious for his conservative Christian propagandizing; hosted TV interview with Svetlana in 1981; wife, Kitty.
Lady (Jane) Renfrew
: Cambridge professor and archaeologist; neighbor on Chaucer Road.
Rosamond Richardson
: author, friend in Saffron Walden; wrote
The Long Shadow: Inside Stalin’s Family
, in 1993, initially with Svetlana’s cooperation.
Lady (Vanessa) Thomas
: London friend; lived near Ladbroke Grove; husband, historian Sir Hugh Thomas.
Vera Suvchinskaya Traill
: Russian émigrée; her grandfather was minister of war in Russia’s Provisional government.
JOURNALISTS:
Patricia Blake
: journalist; member of the Princeton circle of friends; Svetlana regarded her as a chief enemy for the
Time
magazine article on her return to the USSR.
George Krimsky
: AP; attempted to help Joseph Alliluyev defect in 1975.
Tony Lucas
:
New York Times
; exposed Robert Rayle as CIA officer in 1967 during flight from India.
Abbreviations of Names of Archives Cited
US GOVERNMENT ARCHIVES
NARA: National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD.
CIA DB: CIA Crest Database, NARA, College Park, MD.
LBJL, NSF: LBJ Presidential Library, National Security File, Intelligence File, Svetlana Alliluyeva.
RRL: Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, FG 002, Peters, Lana.
FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Freedom of Information Act Request, Svetlana Alliluyeva née Svetlana Stalina, 1967–1985.
RUSSIAN ARCHIVES
GARF: Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii (State Archive of the Russian Federation).
RGASPI: Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv sotsial’no-politicheskoi istorii (Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History).
MEM: Arkhiv mezhdunarodnogo obshchestva “Memorial” (Archive of the Memorial Society International).
BRITISH ARCHIVES
NAUK: National Archives, United Kingdom, Foreign Office, Defectors, Soviet Union, Svetlana Stalin.
GEORGIAN ARCHIVES
AMIG: Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Tbilisi, Georgia.
UNIVERSITY ARCHIVES
Katherina von Fraunhofer-Kosinski Collection of Jerzy Kosinski, Mark Weinbaum Papers, and Edmund Wilson Papers: Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library (BRB), Yale University.
Letters of Isaiah Berlin, copyright © The Trustees of the Isaiah Berlin Literary Trust (IBLT) 2015, quoted with the permission of the Trustees.
Meryle Secrest Collection, Hoover Institution Archives (HIA).
George F. Kennan Papers (MC076), 1871–2005 (mostly 1950–2000), Public Policy Papers, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library (PUL).
Louis Fischer Papers (MC024), 1890–1977 (mostly 1935–1969), Public Policy Papers, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library (PUL).
Malcolm Muggeridge Papers, Special Collections, Wheaton College, Illinois (WCSC).
Museums
Muzei-kvartira Alliluyevykh (Apartment Museum of the Alliluyevs), Saint Petersburg.
Muzei “Dom na naberezhnoi” (House on the Embankment Museum), Moscow.
Moskovskaia obraztsovaia shkola 25 (Shkola 175) [Moscow Model School 25 (School 175)].
Istoriko-memorial’nyi muzei “Smol’nyi” (Smolny Historical and Memorial Museum), Saint Petersburg.
Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori, Georgia.
Private Collections
Letters from Alliluyeva in private collections (PC) of correspondents: Mary Burkett, Philippa Hill, Donald Jameson, Linda Kelly, Joan Kennan, Nina Lobanov-Rostovsky, Thomas Miller, Robert and Ramona Rayle, Rosa Shand, the Harper & Row Archive, and the HarperCollins Collection.
For abbreviations of archives, please refer to the list on page 630.
PREFACE
1
. Letter to Mary Burkett, Apr. 7, 2009, private collection (PC), Mary Burkett.
2
. Angela Lambert,
Independent
, Mar. 10, 1990: 29.
3
. Robert Tucker, “Svetlana Inherited Her Tragic Flaw,”
Washington Post
, Nov. 25, 1984, C1.
4
. Svetlana Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, trans. Paul Chavchavadze (New York: Harper & Row, 1969), 393.
PROLOGUE: THE DEFECTION
1
. This account is a composite of details drawn from Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
; Robert Rayle, “Unpublished Autobiographical Essay,” PC, Rayle; author’s interview with Robert and Ramona Rayle, Ashburn, VA, July 18–19, 2013; Chester Bowles, “Memorandum for the Record; Subj: Defection of Svetlana Alliloueva [
sic
],” Mar. 15, 1967, NLJ/RAC 03-114, 26-B, LBJL; and Peter Earnest, “Peter Earnest in Conversation with Oleg Kalugin and Robert Rayle on Defection of Svetlana Alliluyeva,” Dec. 4, 2006. International Spy Museum, Washington, DC. www.spymuseum.org/exhibition-experiences/agent-storm/listen-to-the-audio/episode/the-litvinenko-murder-and-other-riddles-from-moscow.
2
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 199.
3
. Rayle, “Autobiographical Essay.”
4
. Bowles, “Memorandum.”
5
. Rayle, “Autobiographical Essay.” See also Bowles, “Memorandum.”
6
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 200. See also Rayle, “Autobiographical Essay.”
7
. Rayle, “Autobiographical Essay.”
8
. Bowles, “Memorandum.”
9
. Time line provided by Robert Rayle on calendar, March 1967, PC, Rayle.
10
. Bowles, “Memorandum.”
11
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 189.
12
. Bowles, “Memorandum.”
13
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 206.
14
. Author’s interview with Robert and Ramona Rayle, Ashburn, VA, July 18–19, 2013.
15
. Ibid.
16
. Rayle, “Autobiographical Essay.”
17
. Ibid.
18
. Ibid.
CHAPTER 1: THAT PLACE OF SUNSHINE
1
. Svetlana Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters to a Friend
, trans. Priscilla Johnson McMillan (New York: Harper & Row, 1967), 36.
2
. Rosamond Richardson,
The Long Shadow: Inside Stalin’s Family
(London: Little, Brown, 1993), 119.
3
. Simon Sebag Montefiore,
Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
(New York: Knopf, 2004), 34.
4
. Simon Sebag Montefiore,
Young Stalin
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007), 119. Tbilisi is the historical name of the city. The name Tiflis(i) became common after Georgia became part of the Russian Empire in 1783. Tiflis was officially changed back to Tbilisi in 1936. Letter to author from Nestan Charkviani, Jan. 5, 2015.
5
. Montefiore,
Young Stalin
, 164–66.
6
. Ibid., 135.
7
. Ibid., 166.
8
. Robert Service,
Stalin: A Biography
(London: Macmillan, 2004), 233.
9
. Letter from Nadya Alliluyeva to Keke Djugashvili, Mar. 12, 1922, RGASPI, fond [stock] 558, opis [inventory] 11, doc. 1549, 40.
10
. Boris Gribanov, “I pamiat’-sneg letit i past’ ne mozhet: David Samoilov, kakim ia ego pomniu” [“And Memory as Snow Keeps Drifting: David Samoilov as I Remember Him”].
Znamia: Yezhemesiachnyi literaturno-khudozhestvennyi i obshchestvenno-politicheskii zhurnal
[The Banner: A Monthly Literary, Artistic, and General Political Journal] 9 (2006): 160.
11
. Montefiore,
Young Stalin
, 18. According to Montefiore, “In 1925 [Stalin] ordered his secretary Tovstukha to formalize the 1879 date.” Montefiore speculates that Stalin had moved the date a year later to avoid conscription.
12
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 95.
13
. Ibid., 96.
14
. Ibid.
15
. Author’s interview with Chrese Evans, Portland, OR, July 18, 2012.
16
. Letter from N. S. Alliluyeva to M. O. Svanidze, Jan. 11, 1926, trans. Svetlana Alliluyeva, Meryle Secrest Collection, box 4, HIA.
17
.
Kreml’-9
[Russian TV series] writers group,
Svetlana Stalina: Pobeg iz sem’i
[Svetlana Stalina: Escape from the Family], film, dir. Maksim Ivannikov, prod. Aleksei Pimanov, Oleg Vol’nov, and Sergei Medvedev (Telekompaniya
“Ostankino” and Federal’naia sluzhba okhrany Rossiiskoi Federatsii [Federal Service for the Protection of the Russian Federation], 2003); hereafter
Kreml’-9
writers,
Svetlana Stalina: Escape from the Family.
18
. Svetlana Alliluyeva, “Letter to Ehrenburg,” Aug. 7, 1957, repr. Boris Frezinski,
Pisateli i Sovetskie vozhdi
[Writers and Soviet Leaders] (Moscow: Ellis Lak, 2008), 606.
19
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 223.