Authors: Rosemary Sullivan
40
.
Kreml’-9
writers,
Svetlana Stalina: Escape from the Family
, comments of Vladimir Alliluev. See also Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 185.
41
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 150.
42
. Letter to Malcolm Muggeridge, Apr. 21, 1981, WCSC.
CHAPTER 7: A JEWISH WEDDING
1
. Kuromiya,
Stalin
, 158.
2
. Molotov,
Molotov Remembers
, 209.
3
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 163.
4
. Author’s interview with Leonid and Galina Alliluyev, Moscow, May 17, 2013. Svetlana’s cousin, Leonid Alliluyev, claimed that if either Vasili
or Svetlana knew of the proposed exchange, neither told anyone else in the family, and it was not publicly known: “If such an attempt had taken place, no ‘Public Communications’ could have been possible. In our country, it was out of the question.”
5
. Meryle Secrest interview with Svetlana Alliluyeva, audio recording, group 2, tape 3. HIA.
6
. Radzinsky,
Stalin
, 478–89. See also Montefiore,
Court of the Red Tsar
, 445–46.
7
. Letter to author from Stepan Mikoyan, Aug. 10, 2013.
8
. Letter to the author from Professor Lynne Viola, July 20, 2014.
9
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 162.
10
. Overy,
Russia’s War
, 158–60.
11
. Letter to author from Stepan Mikoyan, Aug. 10, 2013.
12
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 184.
13
. Letter no. 2 to Robert Rayle, Aug. 23, 2005, PC, Rayle.
14
. Rifkina,
Inscrutable Paths
, 92–93.
15
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 150.
16
. Ibid., 410.
17
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 134.
18
. Rifkina,
Inscrutable Paths
, 93–94.
19
. Biagi,
Svetlana: The Inside Story
, 116.
20
. Meryle Secrest interview with Svetlana Alliluyeva, audio recording, group 2, tape 6, HIA.
21
. Ibid.
22
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 152.
23
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 187.
24
. Meryle Secrest interview with Svetlana Alliluyeva, audio recording, group 2, tape 6, HIA.
25
. Radzinsky,
Stalin
, 317.
26
.
Kreml’-
9 writers,
Svetlana Stalina: Escape from the Family
, comments of Marfa Peshkova.
27
. John Lewis Gaddis,
George F. Kennan: An American Life
(New York: Penguin Press, 2011), 194.
28
. Meryle Secrest interview with Svetlana Alliluyeva, audio recording, group 2, tape 6. HIA.
29
. Overy,
Russia’s War
, 287–89. See also Harrison Salisbury, “Fifty Years That Shook the World,” in
The Soviet Union: The Fifty Years
, ed. Harrison E. Salisbury (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World), 1967), 25.
30
. Meryle Secrest interview with Svetlana Alliluyeva, London, audio recording, group 2, tape 6. HIA.
31
. Author’s interview with Leonid and Galina Alliluyev, Moscow, May 17, 2013.
32
. Svetlana Alliluyeva,
The Faraway Music
(New Delhi: Lancer International, 1984), 78.
33
. Author’s interview with Chrese Evans, Portland, OR, Feb. 25, 2013.
34
. Letter from S. Alliluyeva to Stalin, Dec. 1, 1945, RGASPI, KPSS fond 558, opis 11, D 1552, doc. 33, 50.
35
.
Kreml’-
9 writers,
Svetlana Stalina: Escape from the Family
, comments of Marfa Peshkova.
36
. Alliluyev,
Chronicle of One Family
, 189.
37
.
Svetlana
, television documentary, dir. Irina Gedrovich, Fabryka Kino (distributor), 2008, comment by Svetlana Alliluyeva. See also Rosamond Richardson interview with Svetlana Alliluyeva, Saffron Walden, 1991, tape 4, PC, Richardson.
38
. The 1936 decree was called “On the Protection of Motherhood and Infancy.” Catriona Kelly,
Children’s World: Growing Up in Russia, 1890–1991
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), 103.
39
. Letter to Rosa Shand, May 22, 1978, PC, Shand.
40
. Letter to Joan Kennan, Jan. 15, 1970, PC, J. Kennan.
41
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 384–86.
42
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 191;
Only One Year
, 384. For confirmation of Svetlana’s description of Stalin’s dinner parties, see Milovan Djilas,
Conversations with Stalin
(New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1962), 76–77.
43
. Rosamond Richardson interview with Svetlana Alliluyeva, Saffron Walden, 1991, tape 4, PC, Richardson.
44
. Sergo Beria,
Beria, My Father: Inside Stalin’s Kremlin
, trans. Brian Pearce (London: Duckworth, 2001), 152.
45
. Ibid., 192.
CHAPTER 8: THE ANTI-COSMOPOLITAN CAMPAIGN
1
. Montefiore,
Court of the Red Tsar
, 6.
2
. Nicholas Thompson,
The Hawk and the Dove: Paul Nitze, George Kennan
,
and the History of the Cold War
(New York: Holt, 2009), 61.
3
. It is now claimed that the Soviets would have made the scientific breakthrough on their own. It is estimated that the information gathered through espionage probably accelerated the Soviet nuclear program by two years. See Malcolm Gladwell, “Trust No One: Kim Philby and the Hazards of Mistrust,”
New Yorker
, July 28, 2014.
4
. Thompson,
Hawk and the Dove
, 83.
5
. Author’s interview with Alexander Alliluyev, Moscow, May 25, 2013.
6
. Richardson,
Long Shadow
, 215.
7
. Ibid., 221–23.
8
. Ibid., 224.
9
. Ibid., 216.
10
. Ibid., 217.
11
. Ibid., 216.
12
. Ibid., 223.
13
. Ibid., 222.
14
. Ibid., 230.
15
. Ibid., 232.
16
. Alliluyev,
Chronicle of One Family
, 261–62. In his examination of the files, Vladimir Alliluyev noted that there was no proof of Anna’s guilt. Her arrest was built on unlawful testimony by her relatives arrested shortly before—E. A. Alliluyeva (Zhenya), her husband N. V. Molochnikov, and their daughter Kyra (Protocol no. 22 of Special Committee of Ministry of State Security of USSR).
17
. Richardson,
Long Shadow
, 231.
18
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 196–97, and
Only One Year
, 155.
19
. Author’s interview with Alexander Alliluyev, Moscow, May 25, 2013.
20
. Richardson,
Long Shadow
, 227.
21
. Supposedly Beria had carried out traitorous acts against the Bolsheviks during the Civil War of 1917–20 and had barely escaped execution. In fact, this was a common rumor; Beria claimed to have been working undercover for the Bolsheviks. However, Beria did seem to target Redens. Redens had been his boss in the Transcaucasian GPU (secret police) until Beria engineered his ouster.
22
. Richardson,
Long Shadow
, 242–43.
23
. Ibid., 245.
24
. The JAC was reviving an old suggestion of creating a Jewish republic in Crimea.
25
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 153–54. Not everyone believed Svetlana could actually have witnessed this. Her cousin Leonid Alliluyev remained skeptical. Author’s interview with Leonid and Galina Alliluyev, Moscow, May 17, 2013.
26
. Joshua Rubenstein and Vladimir P. Naumov,
Stalin’s Secret Pogrom
:
The Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), 2–3.
27
. Kuromiya,
Stalin
, 193.
28
. Yakov Rapoport,
The Doctors’ Plot: A Survivor’s Memoir of Stalin’s Last Act of Terror Against Jews and Science
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), 33.
29
. Rubenstein and Naumov,
Stalin’s Secret Pogrom
, 39–40. The authors claim Mikhoels’s death was not an accident. He was “lured” from his hotel and driven to the country house of the head of the Belarus security forces, where he was murdered on Stalin’s direct orders. The executioners phoned Stalin for advice on how to camouflage the murder. “Well, it’s an automobile accident,” he said.
30
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 196.
31
. Letter from S. Alliluyeva to Stalin, Dec. 1, 1945, RGASPI, KPSS fond 558, opis 11, D 1552, doc. 33, 49–50.
32
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 373–74.
33
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 56.
34
.
Alliluyev Memoirs
, xii.
35
. P. Fedoseyev, “Irresponsible Thinking,”
Pravda
119, no. 10510 (May 14, 1947): 3.
36
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 61.
37
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 169.
38
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 193.
39
. Ibid., 113.
40
. Michael Arlen,
The Green Hat
(New York: George H. Doran Co., 1924); mentioned in Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 113, 193.
41
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 195.
42
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 155.
CHAPTER 9: EVERYTHING SILENT, AS BEFORE A STORM
1
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 388.
2
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 68–69.
3
. Alliluyev,
Chronicle of One Family,
68.
4
. Author’s interview with Stepan Mikoyan, May 24, 2013.
5
. Charkviani,
My Life and Reflections
, 503.
6
. Ibid., 505.
7
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 192–93.
8
. Author’s interview with Stepan Mikoyan, Moscow, May 24, 2013.
9
. Montefiore,
Court of the Red Tsar
, 137.
10
. Meryle Secrest Interview with Svetlana Alliluyeva, audio recordings, group 2, tape 8. HIA.
11
. Service,
Stalin
, 307. See also Jonathan Brent and Vladimir P. Naumov,
Stalin’s Last Crime: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors, 1948–1953
(New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 71–77; and Pavel Sudoplatov and Anatoli Sudoplatov with Jerrold L. Schecter and Leona P. Schecter,
Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness
(New York: Little, Brown, 1995), 317–18.
12
. Brent and Naumov,
Stalin’s Last Crime
, 78.
13
. For the full text of the letter, see Brent and Naumov,
Stalin’s Last Crime
, 81.
14
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 380.
15
. Beria,
Beria, My Father
, 152–53.
16
.
Kreml’-
9 writers,
Svetlana Stalina: Escape from the Family
, comments of Stepan Mikoyan.
17
. Kyra Golovko, “Svetlana Alliluyeva: odinochestvo i nasledstvo” [“Svetlana Alliluyeva: Solitude and Inheritance”],
Izvestia
, no. 95 (Oct. 17, 2008): 10.