Authors: Rosemary Sullivan
20
. Ibid., 29.
21
. Author’s interview with Stepan Mikoyan, Moscow, May 24, 2013.
22
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 30.
23
. Ibid., 110.
24
. Meryle Secrest interview with Svetlana Alliluyeva, London, 1994, Secrest Collection, audio recording, group 2, tape 28, HIA.
25
. Irina Kalistratovna Gogua, Transcription of Oral Stories, recorded by Irina Mikhailovna Chervakova, 1987–89, MEM, fond [stock] 1, opis [inventory] 3, delo [subject] 18, June 25, 1988, 63–64.
26
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 379.
27
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 32.
28
. Stepan Mikoyan,
Memoirs of Military Test-Flying and Life with the Kremlin’s Elite: An Autobiography
(London: Airlife Publishing, 1999), 35.
29
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 28.
30
. Ibid., 53.
31
. Anna Alliluyeva and Sergei Alliluyev,
The Alliluyev Memoirs: Recollections of Svetlana Stalina’s Maternal Aunt Anna Alliluyeva and Her Grandfather Sergei Alliluyev
, trans. David Tutaev (New York: Putnam’s, 1967), 74. Hereafter:
Alliluyeva Memoirs.
32
. Ibid., 139.
33
. Richardson,
Long Shadow
, 114.
34
. Rosamond Richardson interview with Svetlana Alliluyeva, Saffron Walden, 1991, tape 3, PC, Richardson.
35
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 43–44.
36
. Ibid., 31.
37
. Ibid., 140.
38
. Ibid., 31.
39
. Ibid., 36.
40
. Ibid, 66.
CHAPTER 2: A MOTHERLESS CHILD
1
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 107.
2
. Larissa Vasilieva,
Kremlin Wives: The Secret Lives of the Women Behind the Kremlin Walls—from Lenin to Gorbachev
(New York: Arcade Publishing, 1994), 52.
3
. Hiroaki Kuromiya,
Stalin: Profiles in Power
(London: Pearson Education, 2005), 95. During a show trial in November–December 1930, a group of so-called “industrial wreckers” and “bourgeois experts” were accused of “intentionally creating economic troubles,” “political terrorism,” and “conspiring with foreign powers, especially France.” Their “alleged terrorist plans … prompted the Politburo resolution.”
4
. Montefiore,
Court of the Red Tsar
, 16.
5
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 108–10. See also accounts by Service,
Stalin
, 292–93; Montefiore,
Court of the Red Tsar
, 3–22; and Edvard Radzinsky,
Stalin
, trans. H. T. Willetts (New York: Anchor, 1997), 287–89.
6
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 110.
7
. Montefiore,
Court of the Red Tsar
, 106. “There is a five-milimetre hole over the heart—an open hole. Conclusion—death was immediate from an open wound to the heart.” Secret report of Dr. Kushner, GARF 7523c.149a.2-1-6.
8
. This is nanny Alexandra Andreevna Bychkova’s report of that morning. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 109.
9
. Montefiore,
Court of the Red Tsar
, 105; Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 112.
10
. Maria Svanidze, “Diary of 1933–37,” trans. Svetlana Alliluyeva, 19, Meryle Secrest Collection, box 3, HIA. In 1994, Svetlana Alliluyeva translated the diary of Maria Svanidze, released from the Archive of the Politburo, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, published in
Istochnik
, no. 1 (1993).
11
. Montefiore,
Court of the Red Tsar
, 12. See also Service,
Stalin
, 289.
12
. William Taubman,
Khrushchev: The Man and His Era
(New York: Norton, 2003), 85. She did however recommend Khrushchev to Stalin. “This was how I survived,” Khrushchev said. “Nadya was ‘my lottery ticket.’ “
13
. Author’s interview with Alexander Alliluyev, Moscow, May 25, 2013. See also: “Mify o docheri Stalina,”
Priamoi efir s Mikhailom Zelenskim
[“Myths About Stalin’s Daughter,”
Live with Mikhail Zelensky
], Rossia-1, Moscow, Dec. 19, 2011; hereafter: “Myths,”
Live with Mikhail Zelensky.
14
. Kuromiya,
Stalin
, 40–42.
15
. Letter to N. S. Alliluyeva, June 21, 1930, “To Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva Personally from Stalin: Correspondence 1928–31,” 7, trans. Svetlana Alliluyeva, Meryle Secrest Collection, box 3, HIA. When the correspondence (1928–31) between Nadezhda Alliluyeva and Stalin from Stalin’s personal archive was published by
Istochnik
in 1993, with commentary by Yu. Murin, Svetlana Alliluyeva personally translated the letters into English; she claimed copyright in 1994.
16
. Letter to J. V. Stalin, Aug. 28, 1929, p. 2, Secrest Collection, HIA.
17
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 104.
18
. Enzo Biagi,
Svetlana: The Inside Story
, trans. Timothy Wilson (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1967), 22.
19
. Kuromiya,
Stalin
, 91.
20
. Ibid., 97.
21
. Ibid., 108.
22
. Ibid.
23
. Letter from N. S. Alliluyeva to J. V. Stalin, Sept. 16, 1929, 4–5, Secrest Collection, HIA.
24
. Letter from J. V. Stalin to N. S. Alliluyeva, Sept. 23, 1929, 5, Secrest Collection, HIA.
25
. Letter from J. V. Stalin to Ordzhonikidze, Sept. 23, 1929, 16, Secrest Collection, HIA.
26
. Matthew Lenoe,
Closer to the Masses: Stalinist Culture, Social Revolution and Soviet Newspapers
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 209.
27
. N. S. Alliluyeva to J. V. Stalin, Sept. 27, 1929, 6, Secrest Collection, HIA.
28
. Letter from N. S. Alliluyeva to J. V. Stalin, Sept. 19, 1930, 9, Secrest Collection, HIA.
29
. Letter from J. V. Stalin to N. S. Alliluyeva, Sept. 24, 1930, 9, Secrest Collection, HIA.
30
. Letter from N. S. Alliluyeva to J. V. Stalin, Oct. 6, 1930, 10, Secrest Collection, HIA.
31
. Letter from J. V. Stalin to N. S. Alliluyeva, Oct. 8, 1930, 11, Secrest Collection, HIA.
32
. Letter from N. S. Alliluyeva to J. V. Stalin, Sept. 12, 1930, 8, Secrest Collection, HIA.
33
. Gogua, Transcription of Oral Stories, MEM.
34
. “Myths,”
Live with Mikhail Zelensky.
Alexander Alliluyev remarks that he has never spoken of this before. Confirmed in author’s interview with Alexander Alliluyev, Moscow, May 25, 2013.
35
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 106.
36
. Gogua, Transcription of Oral Stories, MEM.
37
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 112.
38
. Vyacheslav Molotov,
Molotov Remembers: Inside Kremlin Politics
—
Conversations with Felix Chuev
, ed. Albert Resis (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1993), 174.
39
. Richardson,
Long Shadow
, 126.
40
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 113. See
Alliluyev Memoirs
, xviii.
41
. Montefiore,
Young Stalin
, 315.
42
.
Kreml’-9
writers,
Svetlana Stalina: Escape from the Family
, comments of Artyom Sergeev.
43
. Ibid., comments of Marfa Peshkova.
CHAPTER 3: THE HOSTESS AND THE PEASANT
1
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 122.
2
. Ibid., 43.
3
. Merzhanov was arrested in 1942 and sentenced to ten years in a forced-labor camp.
4
. Yuri Druzhnikov, “Visiting Stalin’s, Uninvited,” trans. Thomas Moore, from
Contemporary Russian Myths
, www.druzhnikov.com/english/text/vizit1.html.
5
. Molotov,
Molotov Remembers
, 208.
6
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 132.
7
. Letter from S. Alliluyeva to Stalin, Aug. 5, 1933, RGASPI, KPSS fond 558, opis 11, D 1552, doc. 14, 19.
8
. Candide Charkviani,
Napikri da naazrevi
[My Life and Reflections], trans. Nestan Charkviani (Tbilisi: Merani Publishing House, 2004), 503. Charkviani was a Georgian writer and thinker who became first secretary of the Central Committee of Georgia in 1938. He was demoted in 1952, probably for failing to repress a nationalist counterrevolutionary “ring” in the Georgian Communist Party. Charkviani secretly wrote his memoirs in 1954.
9
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 97.
10
. Ibid. Svetlana corrected Pamela Johnson McMillan’s translation of “Housekeeper” to “Hostess,” and her father’s pet name for her to “Svetanka.”
11
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 151.
12
. Letter from S. Alliluyeva to Stalin, Sept. 15, 1933. RGASPI, KPSS fond 558, opis 11, D 1552, doc. 14, 20.
13
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 150.
14
. Nikita Khrushchev,
Khrushchev Remembers
, trans. Strobe Talbot (New York: Bantam, 1971), 310–11.
15
. James A. Hudson,
Svetlana Alliluyeva: Flight to Freedom
(New York: Tower Books, 1967), 30.
16
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 144.
17
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 389.
18
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 143.
19
. Ibid., 121.
20
. Author’s interview with Alexander Alliluyev, Moscow, May 25, 2013.
21
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 154.
22
. Larry E. Holmes,
Stalin’s School: Model School No. 25, 1931–1937
(Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1999), 71.
23
. Svanidze, “Diary of 1933–37,” 18, Secrest Collection, box 3, HIA.
24
. Rosamond Richardson interview with Svetlana Alliluyeva, Saffron Walden, 1991, tape 1. PC, Richardson.
25
. Holmes,
Stalin’s School
, 22.
26
. Ibid., 37.
27
. Ibid., 36.
28
. The school’s mandate was equality among the classes. In 1932, the school accommodated 1,150 pupils, 61 percent of whom were children of workers, but ironically, this percentage steadily declined. Soon “the proletarian element dropped further to 34% in 1934.” “One former pupil, Lusia Davydova, recalled that her 1937 graduating class contained only one representative of the working class whom his classmates called ‘the working class stratum.’ “ Holmes,
Stalin’s School
, 32.
29
. Holmes,
Stalin’s School
, 39–41.
30
. Ibid., 10, 18.
31
. Ibid., 37.
32
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 142.
33
. Author’s interview with Diana Kondrashina of School 175 (formerly Model School No. 25), Moscow, June 5, 2013.
34
. Holmes,
Stalin’s School
, 165–68.
35
. Author’s interview with Diana Kondrashina of School 175, Moscow, June 5, 2013.
36
. Holmes,
Stalin’s School
, 166. Joining the Komsomol happened at the age of fourteen, until, at the age of twenty-eight, one became eligible to apply for Communist Party membership. Along with a pin, as a member of the Komsomol, one got a membership book with dates when dues were paid.
37
. Svanidze, “Diary of 1933–37,” 22, Secrest Collection, HIA.
38
. Letter from Vasili Djugashvili to Stalin, 5 August 1933, RGASPI, KPSS fond 558, opis 11, D 1552, doc. 3, 3.