Authors: Rosemary Sullivan
18
. Ibid.
19
. Ibid.
20
. Figes,
Whisperers
, 487–92
21
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 391.
22
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 197–98.
23
. Kelly,
Children’s World: Growing Up in Russia
, 645, n. 203.
24
. Letter to S. Alliluyeva from Stalin, May 10, 1950, Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 199.
25
. Ibid., 198.
26
. Author’s interview with Chrese Evans, Portland, OR, July 16, 2012.
27
. Letter to author from Professor Lynne Viola, July 20, 2014.
28
. Golovko, “Svetlana Alliluyeva: Solitude and Inheritance,” 10.
29
. Letter from S. Alliluyeva to Stalin, RGASPI, KPSS fond 558, opis 11, D 1552, doc. 37, 55–56.
30
. Charkviani,
My Life and Reflections
, 507.
31
. Meryle Secrest Interview with Svetlana Alliluyeva, audio recording, group 1, tape 9, HIA.
32
. Biagi,
Svetlana: The Inside Story
, 135.
33
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 211.
34
. Ibid., 209.
35
.
Svetlana About Svetlana
, film, directed by Lana Parshina, 2008.
36
. Letter from S. Alliluyeva to Stalin, RGASPI, KPSS fond 558 opis 11, D 1552, doc. 36, 54.
37
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 71.
38
. Konstantin Simonov, “Through the Eyes of My Generation: Meditations on Stalin,”
Soviet Literature
, Moscow, no. 5 (494) (1989): 79.
39
. Khrushchev,
Khrushchev Remembers
, 321; also Taubman,
Khrushchev
, 214.
40
. Khrushchev,
Khrushchev Remembers
, 309–10. Khrushchev suggests that it was New Year’s Day. Alliluyeva says the last time she saw her father was his birthday.
41
. Rapoport,
Doctors’ Plot
, 74–75.
42
. Ibid., 71.
43
. Ibid., 221.
44
. Konstantin Simonov, “Through the Eyes of My Generation,” 87–88.
45
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 155.
46
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 197.
47
. Rapoport,
Doctors’ Plot
, 243.
48
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 207. There is some evidence, however, that Stalin had begun to “phase down his propaganda campaign around the Doctors’ Plot.” His health was too seriously impaired for him to carry out another Great Terror. Gennadi Kostyrchenko, “The Genesis of Establishment Anti-Semitism in the USSR: The Black Years, 1948–53,” in
Revolution, Repression, and Revival: The Soviet Jewish Experience
, ed. Zvi
Gitelman and Yaacov Ro’i (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), 189–90.
49
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 155.
50
. Ibid., 155.
CHAPTER 10: THE DEATH OF THE
VOZHD
1
. Meryle Secrest interview with Svetlana Alliluyeva, audio recording, group 1, tape 17, HIA.
2
. Ibid. See also Richardson,
Long Shadow
, 250.
3
. Montefiore,
Court of the Red Tsar
, 636–37.
4
. Khrushchev,
Khrushchev Remembers
, 340.
5
. Amy Knight,
Beria: Stalin’s First Lieutenant
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), 176–78. See also Service,
Stalin
, 582–86; and Radzinsky,
Stalin
, 571–72. Radzinsky claimed to have interviewed Lozgachev.
6
. Montefiore,
Court of the Red Tsar
, 639.
7
. Taubman,
Khrushchev
, 237.
8
. Brent and Naumov,
Stalin’s Last Crime
, 212. Vinogradov had treated Zhdanov.
9
. Montefiore,
Court of the Red Tsar
, 643.
10
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 6–7.
11
. Rapoport,
Doctors’ Plot
, 151–52.
12
. Khrushchev,
Khrushchev Remembers
, 342.
13
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 215.
14
. Ibid., 9.
15
. Ibid.
16
. Ibid., 8.
17
. Service,
Stalin
, 576.
18
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 10.
19
. Khrushchev,
Khrushchev Remembers
, 347.
20
. Biagi,
Svetlana: The Inside Story
, 86.
21
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 14
22
. Ibid., 222.
23
. Decades later she would develop a conspiracy theory. According to Stalin’s maid, he had been found on the floor between the table with the telephone and his couch. He had obviously taken a phone call. Her father had very high blood pressure, which was why he refused to fly on planes. Svetlana became suspicious of the details surrounding his death—the delay in calling the doctors, the emptying of his dacha. Once in the United States, she consulted an American specialist, who told her that a very strong impulse or sound could be sent through the telephone to the unprotected ear and cause a stroke. It was an efficient way to kill someone with high blood pressure, and her father’s was 200/80. Why did “Beria’s people” empty the
furniture at his dacha the day after his death, if not to conceal something? Beria was a technological wizard. Meryle Secrest interview with Svetlana Alliluyeva, London, March 1994, Secrest Collection, audio recordings, group 1, tape 9, HIA.
24
. Molotov,
Molotov Remembers
, 210.
25
. Richardson,
Long Shadow
, 254.
26
. Rapoport,
Doctors’ Plot
, 20.
27
. Simonov, “Through the Eyes of My Generation,” 96.
28
. Ibid., 96–97.
29
. Oleg Kalugin,
Spymaster: My Thirty-Two Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West
(New York: Basic Books, 2009), 10–11.
CHAPTER 11: THE GHOSTS RETURN
1
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 222.
2
. Cohen,
Victims Return
, 33–35.
3
. Ibid.
4
. Figes,
Whisperers
, 538; also Adam Hochschild,
The Unquiet Ghost: Russians Remember Stalin
(London: Penguin, 1994), 223.
5
. Rapoport,
Doctors’ Plot
, 187–88.
6
. Ibid., 182–83.
7
. Ibid., 184–85.
8
. Richardson,
Long Shadow
, 232.
9
. Ibid. Leonid Alliluyev believed his mother was suffering from the “schizophrenia” that plagued her family. The family believed it had destroyed Anna’s brother Fyodor. But when, in 1993, Leonid searched down Anna’s rehabilitation files, Case P-212 (many families of prisoners made such searches in the glasnost years), the files did “not contain any hints that Anna was mentally ill.” What they did make clear was that, on December 27, 1952, the sentence of Prisoner no. 23, now in Vladimirskaia prison, was prolonged for five more years by S. A. Golidze, an associate of Beria. Only Stalin’s death saved her. On April 2, 1954, Anna was moved to Moscow, rehabilitated, and released to her family. Alliluyev,
Chronicle of One Family
, 271–72.
10
. Richardson,
Long Shadow
, 233.
11
. Ibid., 244.
12
. Ibid., 234.
13
. Ibid., 223.
14
. Ibid.
15
. Ibid., 225.
16
. Ibid., 239.
17
. See Eugenia Aleksandrovna (Zhenya) Alliluyeva Correspondence, GARF, fond 9542, opis 1, no. 85, 9–20
18
. Richardson,
Long Shadow
, 241–42.
19
. Ibid., 234.
20
.
Pravda
, Dec. 17, 1953.
21
. Many, including Svetlana, claimed that Beria was executed a few days after his arrest in July. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 375–76. His trial, which was announced on December 17 and lasted from December 18 to 23, may have been staged long after his death. Knight,
Beria
, 220-22.
22
. Richardson,
Long Shadow
, 256.
23
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 218–19.
24
. Ibid., 16.
25
. Biagi,
Svetlana: The Inside Story
, 139 (interview with Joseph Alliluyev).
26
. Gribanov, “And Memory as Snow Keeps Drifting,” 161.
27
.
Kreml’-
9 writers,
Svetlana Stalina: Escape from the Family
, comments of Artyom Sergeev.
28
. Author’s interview with Leonid and Galina Alliluyev, Moscow, May 17, 2013.
29
. Author’s interview with Alexander Burdonsky, Moscow, June 1, 2013.
30
. Author’s interview with Leonid and Galina Alliluyev, Moscow, May 17, 2013.
31
. A degree that is midway between a Western master’s degree and a PhD.
32
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 17.
33
. Joshua Rubenstein,
Tangled Loyalties: The Life and Times of Ilya Ehrenburg
(Tucaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999), 281. When members of the editorial board of
Znamya
got the book, they balked at the title. “It gives the impression that everything has been a mistake until now: Let it be called
Nov
(Renewal) or
Novaya Stupen
(A New Stage).”
34
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 177.
35
. Alliluyeva, “Letter to Ehrenburg,” 607.
36
. Rubenstein,
Tangled Loyalties
, 212–17, 307.
37
. Biagi,
Svetlana: The Inside Story,
33.
38
. Ibid., 33.
39
.
Svetlana
(film), 2008, interview with Svetlana Alliluyeva.
40
. Alliluyeva, “Letter to Ehrenburg,” 607.
41
. Meryle Secrest interview with Svetlana Alliluyeva, audio recording, group 2, tape 5, HIA.
42
. Biagi,
Svetlana: The Inside Story
, 34–35.
43
. Ibid., 35.
44
. Leningrad would revert to its traditional name, Saint Petersburg, in 1991.
45
. Author’s visit to Alliluyev Apartment Museum, Saint Petersburg, May 20, 2013.
46
. Alliluyeva,
Twenty Letters
, 89.
47
. Ibid., 223.
CHAPTER 12: THE GENERALISSIMO’S DAUGHTER
1
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 161.
2
. Khrushchev,
The Crimes of the Stalin Era
, 3–67.
3
. Alliluyeva,
Only One Year
, 162, 166.
4
. Author’s interview with Stepan Mikoyan, Moscow, May 24, 2013.
5
. Biagi,
Svetlana: The Inside Story
, 95.
6
. Simonov, “Through the Eyes of My Generation,” 43.
7
. Ibid., 48.
8
. Biagi,
Svetlana: The Inside Story
, 36.
9
. Golovko, “Svetlana Alliluyeva: Solitude and Inheritance,” 10.
10
. Author’s interview with Alexander Ushakov, Gorky Institute, Moscow, June 4, 2013.