Authors: Ed Offley
6
. Interim U-boat kills during January 1942 from individual U-boat sites at
Uboat.net
; U-701 patrol activities after January 18, lack of successes, and hunt for
Spreewald
survivors from U-701 KTB 1.
7
. U-701 crew in “luxury” from Schwendel 2011 interview; Thompson comments on inadequate coastal defense from ESF War Diary for January 1942, ch. 2, 3–4; Andrews plea for aircraft and King’s reply from ch. 3, 3; Office of Censorship and “Code of Wartime Practices” from Michael S. Sweeney,
Secrets of Victory: The Office of Censorship and the American Press in World War II
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 47–48.
8
. Navy communiqué over “one-way” U-boat trips from Associated Press, “Sinkings Indicated—‘Some Recent Visitors Will Never Enjoy Return Trip,’ Says Spokesman,”
New York Times
, January 24, 1942; Ladislas Farago, a civilian employee at the Office of Naval Intelligence during World War II, later accused navy public affairs officers of fabricating the quote; ironically, Mason himself, just six weeks later, sank the Type IXC U-503, killing all fifty-one crewmen, piloting the same aircraft; article on Mason (unidentified in the text) from “‘Sighted Sub; Sank Same,’ Radios a Modern Perry in Naval Plane,”
New York Times
, January 30, 1942; four weeks later, the navy, on February 26, publicly identified Mason as the pilot and announced that he had been promoted as a result of his actions.
CHAPTER 7: PARANOIA
1
. Introduction of M4 Enigma from Blair,
Hitler’s U-boat War
, 1:493–494; B-Dienst penetration of Naval Cypher No. 3 from Kahn,
Seizing the Enigma
, 211–212.
2
. Twenty-six times longer to decrypt from Kahn,
Seizing the Enigma
, 210; merchant ship losses compiled from “Ship Losses by Month,”
Uboat.net
,
http://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/losses_year.html
; the nine U-boats that patrolled during March 7–14 were six Type VIICs (U-94, U-96, U-332, U-404, U-587, and U-588) and three Type IXs (U-124, U-155, and U-158); U-boats patrolling during March 16–31 included three more Type IX boats (U-105, U-123, and U160) and five more Type VIICs (U-71, U373, U-552, U-571, and U-754); ships and tonnage sunk compiled from “Allied Merchants Hit” at
Uboat.net
.
3
. Ingersoll limited offer of destroyers and fourteen destroyers in Eastern Sea Frontier in ESF War Diary for March 1942.
4
. Churchill comment on US Navy and cable to Hopkins from Winston S. Churchill,
Memoirs of the Second World War
(abridgement of the six volumes of
The Second World War
) (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1959), 111–119; Winn visit to Main Navy from Beesly,
Very Special Intelligence
, 109; British-flagged vessels lost in US coastal waters and the Caribbean through mid-April 1942 (the time of Winn’s visit) compiled from “Allied Merchants Hit” at
Uboat.net
.
5
. I-17 bombardment of refinery from “The Shelling of Ellwood,” California State Military Museum,
www.militarymuseum.org/Ellwood.html
; one unofficial account alleges that Commander Nishino, while master of a Japanese-flag oil tanker in the late 1930s, had experienced a humiliating incident while visiting the Ellwood oil field. He reportedly was walking up the steep slope from the beach to a welcoming ceremony when he slipped and fell into a prickly pear cactus, which embedded a number of cactus spines in his posterior. Embarrassed by the loud catcalls from oil workers as the spines were plucked out, Nishino allegedly vowed to get revenge; army buildup on West Coast from Conn, Engleman, and Fairchild,
United States Army in World War II
, 82–84.
6
. Number of personnel from 396th History; Kane comments from Kane Oral Interview; plot of course track compiled by the author based on Kane description; description of LA “battle” from “Los Angeles Guns Bark at Air ‘Enemy,’”
New York Times
, February 26, 1942; Lawrence E. Davies, “Hails Los Angeles for Air Defense,”
New York Times
, February 27, 1942; Stimson and Knox differing accounts of incident from “West Coast Raided, Stimson Concedes,”
New York Times
, February 27, 1942; DeWitt praise for defenders from “Gen. DeWitt Praises Readiness of Anti-Aircraft Batteries ‘to Meet Possible Enemy,’”
New York Times
, February 27, 1942.
7
. Distance from Sacramento to Saint-Nazaire from latitude-longitude calculator at
Indo.com
; U-701 activities during February 23–26, 1942, from U-701
Kriegstagebüch
(daily war diary), comprising its in-port stay and second war patrol from February 2 through March 31, 1942 (hereafter “U-701 KTB 2”).
8
. Weak US coastal defenses from BdU KTB for January 24, 1942; Hardegen report details from BdU KTB for February 8, 1942; torpedo failures from BdU KTB for January 29, 1942.
9
. The surface warships to Norway were the battleship
Tirpitz
, battle cruisers
Scharnhorst
and
Gneisenau
, pocket battleship
Admiral Scheer
, and heavy cruisers
Prinz Eugen
and
Hipper
, from Blair,
Hitler’s U-boat War
, 1:442; “unconditional obedience” from “Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs—1939–1945,” in
Brassey’s Naval Annual
, ed. H. G. Thursfield, Rear Adm. RN (New York: Macmillan Company, 1948), conference dates January 22, 1942; twenty U-boats to northern waters from Blair,
Hitler’s U-boat War
, 486; a major complicating factor was the historic ice buildup in the Baltic Sea, which during the winter of 1941–1942 immobilized more than one hundred newly constructed U-boats for months; war effort “best served” from Dönitz,
Memoirs
, 209; details of U-701 second war patrol from U-701 KTB 2; German propaganda remark from Schwendel 2011 interview; details of Operation Chariot from Blair,
Hitler’s U-boat War
, 1:559–561.
CHAPTER 8: UNPREPARED DEFENDERS
1
. British aircraft sank no U-boats in World War I from “U-boat War in World War One” at
http://www.uboat.net/wwi
; Coastal Command struggle for resources from Blair,
Hitler’s U-boat War
, 1:315–319; USAAF rivalry with navy over land-based aircraft from Blair,
Hitler’s U-boat War
, 1:463–464; 396th training described in Kane Oral Interview; air corps expansion from Geoffrey Perrett,
Winged Victory: The Army Air Forces in World War II
(New York: Random House, 1993), 13–17, 36–51; new bases from Frank Futrell, “The Development of Base Facilities,” in
The Army Air Forces in World War II
, vol. 6:
Men and Planes
, ed. Wesley F. Craven and James L. Cate (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955),
http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/VI/AAF-VI-4.html
; total USAAF aircraft production from engine aircraft procurement during 1940–1941 from USAAF Statistical Digest.
2
. I Bomber Command status on December 8, 1941, from Arthur B. Ferguson, “The AAF in the Battle of the Atlantic,” in Craven and Cate,
Army Air Forces
, 1:522–523, at
http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/I/AAF-I-15.html
; units transferred included the 22nd Bomb Group (Medium), the 34th Bomb Group (Heavy), and the 43rd Bomb Group (Heavy), leaving only the 2nd Bomb Group (Heavy) on the East Coast; USAAF attack on
USS Trippe
described in the destroyer’s deck log for Tuesday, December 18, 1941, from NARA RG 24, Box 9159; King request for USAAF bombers from Blair,
Hitler’s U-boat War
, 1:463; poor army readiness description from Ferguson, “The AAF in the Battle of the Atlantic,” 523.
3
. Coastal Command progress against U-boats cited in Blair,
Hitler’s U-boat War
, 1:316–318, and Maurice W. Kirby,
Operational Research in War and Peace: The British Experience from the 1930s to 1970
(London: Imperial College Press, 2003), 99–103, 109; yet to sink a U-boat from Blair,
Hitler’s U-boat War
, 315.
4
.
Gleaves
-class destroyer specifications and armaments from Richard Worth,
Fleets of World War II
(New York: Da Capo Press, 2001), 312; five U-boats operating within one hundred miles of Cape Hatteras compiled from BdU KTB entries for April 1–8, 1942: they were the Type IXB U-123, Type IXC U-160, and Type VIIC U-552, U-754, and U-203.
5
.
Hambleton
and
Emmons
patrol off Hatteras compiled from the ships’ deck logs for those dates and from ESF War Diary for April 1942; U-160 patrol and attacks on shipping from “U-160” at
Uboat.net
,
http://www.uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_3978.html
; Allied ships sunk and damaged in the ESF area during April 1–15, 1942, from “Ships Hit by U-boats” at
Uboat.net
,
http://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/losses_year.html?qdate=1942-04
; nautical miles steamed by
USS Emmons
during April 2–9 from ship’s deck log for those dates; Wellborn letter to Andrews cited in ESF War Diary for April 1942, ch. 2, 6; proposed coastal convoy system described in ESF War Diary for March 1942; special Atlantic Fleet escort operations in April 1943 from Blair,
Hitler’s U-boat War
, 1:758–759.
6
. Q-ship sinkings in World War I from V. E. Tarrant,
The U-boat Offensive: 1914–1945
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1989); Project LQ and the fate of the
USS Atik
from Kenneth M. Beyer,
Q-ships Versus U-boats: America’s Secret Project
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1999); Hardegen attack on the
Atik
from U-123 KTB entries for March 26–27, 1942.
7
. “Hooligan Navy” and Civil Air Patrol contributions from ESF War Diary for April 1942 and from Morison,
The Two-Ocean War
, 132–133.
8
. “Bucket Brigade” convoys formed from ESF War Diary for April 1942, ch. 3; decline in sinkings between April 15 and 30 compiled from “Ships Hit by U-boats” for April 1942, at
Uboat.net
,
http://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/losses_year.html?qdate=1942-04
; Morison description of April losses from ESF war diary for April 1942, 1; Churchill quote from “The Greatest Winston Churchill Quotes,” University of Georgia,
http://jpetrie.myweb.uga.edu/bulldog.html
; Dönitz comments from BdU KTB for April 30, 1942.
CHAPTER 9: TO AMERICA, WITH MINES
1
. U-701 deployment and mine-laying mission details from Degen,
Glory and Tragedy
, and ONI U-701 Interrogation Report.
2
. Linder and Deecke assignment to transport Operation Pastorius teams from Michael Dobbs,
Saboteurs: The Nazi Raid on America
(New York: Vintage Books, 2005), 65, 80; Hessler denigration of saboteurs from Hessler,
The U-boat War
, 2:19.
3
. Details of the Type XIV U-tanker from Hessler,
The U-boat War
, 1:118; daily tonnage figures of Allied ships attacked from January through April in a presentation by Dönitz to Hitler and senior military officials on May 14, 1942, recorded in “Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs—1939–1945”; Hessler comments on scarcity of East Coast shipping from Hessler,
The U-boat War
, 1:18.
4
. Description of the A-29 Hudson from “Contractor’s Handbook of Service Instructions for the Model A-29 Airplane,” US Army Air Corps Air Service Command, Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio, January 30, 1942 (henceforth “A-29 Contractor’s Handbook”); also “Pilot’s Handbook of Flight Operating Instructions—A-29 and A-29A Airplanes,” Headquarters USAAF Air Service Command, Patterson Field, Ohio, December 20, 1942 (henceforth “A-29 Pilot’s Handbook”); Kane comments from Kane Oral Interview.