The Ghosts of Cannae: Hannibal and the Darkest Hour of the Roman Republic (42 page)

15.
Lancel,
Carthage
, pp. 404–6.

16.
Ibid., p. 140. The mendacious Cato may have picked the fig from his own trees.

17.
See Appian,
Libyca
, 95, for a description.

18.
Scullard,
Scipio Africanus, p
. 117.

19.
Diodorus Siculus, 14.77.3.

20.
Whittaker, “Carthaginian Imperialism in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries,” pp. 89–90.

21.
Lazenby,
The First Punic War
, p. 25. There is evidence that Liby-Phoenicians were liable for military service abroad, but this does not seem to have generally been true across the empire.

22.
For a differing interpretation of the relationships see Lazenby,
The First Punic War
, p. 21; Lancel,
Carthage, p
. 116; and Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 30.

23.
Colette and Gilbert Charles-Picard,
Vie et Mort de Carthage
(Paris: Hachette, 1970), p. 307.

24.
Polybius, 1.82.12.

25.
B. H. Warmington,
Carthage
(New York: Praeger, 1960), p. 124, estimates that the total population including slaves, women, and children was probably never higher than four hundred thousand. On this basis, it seems reasonable that somewhat more than one in four would be capable of military service.

26.
Polybius 1.75.1–2.

27.
Samuels, “The Reality of Cannae,” p. 20.

28.
Daly,
Cannae
, p. 125.

29.
Lancel,
Hannibal
, pp. 176–7; Charles-Picard,
Daily Life in Carthage, p
. 98.

30.
Head,
Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars
, p. 49.

31.
Lazenby,
The First Punic War, p
. 27.

32.
Modern sources are somewhat divided on the subject, but in the absence of more evidence, many assume citizens and allied Liby-Phoenicians rowed in the fleet. See for example B. D. Hoyos, “Hannibal: What Kind of Genius,”
Greece and Rome
, vol. 30, no. 2 (October 1983), p. 172; Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, pp
. 31–2.

33.
Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, pp
. 31–2.

34.
Rankov, “The Second Punic War at Sea,” in Cornell, Rankov, and Sabin, eds.
The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal, p
. 50.

35.
Livy, 30.43.12–13.

36.
Plutarch,
Pyrrhus
, 24.

37.
Lazenby,
The First Punic War, p
. 35.

38.
See for example Harris,
War and Imperialism in Republican Rome
, p. 182ff.

39.
Lancel,
Hannibal, pp
. 4–5; Lancel,
Carthage, p
. 365.

40.
Polybius, 1.20.1–2.

41.
Lazenby,
The First Punic War, pp
. 71–2.

42.
Ibid, p. 81.

43.
Cape Bon is the modern terminology.

44.
Lazenby,
The First Punic War, p
. 110.

45.
Diodorus, 23.4.1; Polybius, 1.17.4–6; Diodorus, 23.8.1; Polybius, 1.38.1–5; 1.44.1–2.

46.
Tenney Frank,
Cambridge Ancient History
, vol. 7 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1928), p. 685.

47.
Lazenby,
The First Punic War, p
. 114.

48.
Appian,
History of Rome:
Book 6:
The Wars in Spain
, 4; Lazenby,
The First Punic War, p
. 144.

49.
Since Hannibal was nine when his father brought him to Spain in 237, it seems likely that he was born around the time his father left for Sicily.

50.
Hoyos, “Hannibal’s War: Illusions and Ironies,” p. 87.

51.
Polybius, 1.56.3.

52.
Ibid., 1.59.7.

53.
Lancel,
Hannibal, p
. 10; C. Nepos,
Hamilcar
, 1.5.

54.
Lazenby
(The First Punic War, p
. 164) is quite typical when he says: “We have no census-returns from Carthage, of course, … but … their losses cannot have been high.”

55.
Hoyos, “Hannibal’s War: Illusions and Ironies,” p. 88.

56.
Appian,
The Wars in Spain
, 4.

57.
Hoyos, “Barcid Proconsuls and Punic Politics,” pp. 250–1.

58.
Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, pp
. 135–6.

59.
Polybius, 1.72.3.

60.
Appian,
The Wars in Spain
, 4.

61.
Nepos,
Hamilcar
, (3.5–8).

62.
Hoyos, “Barcid Proconsuls and Punic Politics,” p. 251.

63.
Polybius, 3.11.5–7; Livy, 35.19.

64.
Prevas,
Hannibal Crosses the Alps, p
. 41; Dodge,
Hannibal
, pp. 145–6.

65.
Hoyos, “Barcid Proconsuls and Punic Politics,” p. 274.

66.
Lancel,
Carthage, p
. 379; Lancel,
Hannibal, p
. 36.

67.
Lancel,
Carthage, p
. 378.

68.
Lancel,
Hannibal
, pp. 40–1.

69.
Scullard,
A History of the Roman World
, pp. 196–7.

CHAPTER IV: HANNIBAL’S WAY

1.
See for example Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars
, pp. 157–8.

2.
Plutarch, “Fabius Maximus,” 6.3; Appian,
Hannibalic War
, 14; 28.

3.
Pliny the Elder,
Naturalis Historia
, 3. 103.

4.
B. D. Hoyos, “Maharbal’s Bon Mot: Authenticity and Survival,”
The Classical Quarterly
, New Series, vol. 50, no. 2 (2000), pp. 610–14.

5.
Plutarch,
Fabius
, 15.2–3; Livy, 27.16.10.

6.
Livy (21.3–4) even cites a tradition that has Hannibal, after his father’s death, repatriated to Carthage, only to have Hasdrubal urgently request that he return to Spain.

7.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War
, p. 256. The five occasions were at Lake Trasimene, at Cannae, the destruction of Marcus Centenius’s force, the first battle at Herdonea, and the second battle at Herdonea.

8.
Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars
, p. 62.

9.
Livy, 25.11.16.

10.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War
, p. 257.

11.
Ibid., p. 27; Hoyos, “Hannibal’s War: Illusions and Ironies,” p. 89; Daly,
Cannae
, p. 10.

12.
Abram N. Shulsky,
Deterrence Theory and Chinese Behavior
(Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corporation, 2000), p. 30.

13.
Louis Rawlings, “Celts, Spaniards, and Samnites: Warriors in a Soldier’s War,” in Cornell, Rankov, and Sabin, eds.,
The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal, p
. 84; Oakley, “Single Combat in the Roman Republic,” p. 407.

14.
Head,
Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars
, p. 57; see for example Dionysius of Halicarnassus,
Roman Antiquities
, 14.

15.
Head,
Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars
, p. 37.

16.
Rawlings, “Celts, Spaniards, and Samnites: Warriors in a Soldier’s War,” p. 83.

17.
Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars
, p. 139; Jones, “Rome’s Relationship with Carthage: A Study in Aggression,” p. 28.

18.
Polybius, 2.28.10; 2.31.1.

19.
Samuels, “The Reality of Cannae,” pp. 11, 18.

20.
Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 140.

21.
Delbrück,
Warfare in Antiquity, p
. 352.

22.
Lancel,
Carthage
, p. 384.

23.
Polybius, 3.15.7–8; Appian,
The Wars in Spain
, 10.

24.
Polybius, 3.8.6–7.

25.
Prevas,
Hannibal Crosses the Alps
, pp. 57–8; Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 155; Rich, “The Origins of the Second Punic War,” p. 18.

26.
Polybius 3.33.17–18.

27.
Polybius 3.35.1; Appian,
Hannibalic War
, 1.4.