Read The Ghosts of Cannae: Hannibal and the Darkest Hour of the Roman Republic Online
Authors: Robert L. O'Connell
Tags: #Ancient, #Italy, #Battle of, #2nd, #Other, #Carthage (Extinct city), #Carthage (Extinct city) - Relations - Rome, #North, #218-201 B.C, #Campaigns, #Rome - Army - History, #Punic War, #218-201 B.C., #216 B.C, #Cannae, #218-201 B.C - Campaigns, #Rome, #Rome - Relations - Tunisia - Carthage (Extinct city), #Historical, #Military, #Hannibal, #History, #Egypt, #Africa, #General, #Biography & Autobiography
79.
Livy, 22.57.2–6; Appian, Han, 27; Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 220.
80.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War
, p. 91.
81.
Livy, 22.61.14–15.
82.
Ibid., 22.57.9–11.
83.
Ibid., 22.58.1–4.
84.
Ibid., 22.60.
85.
Appian, Han. 28.
86.
Livy, 23.16.15.
87.
Livy, 23.24.6–13; Polybius, 3.118.
88.
Livy, 23.31.1–3.
89.
This interpretation is most clearly evident in Silius Italicus, 10.649–658.
CHAPTER VII: AFTERSHOCKS
1.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War
, p. 89.
2.
Lancel,
Hannibal
, p. 113.
3.
Livy, 23.7.1–2; Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War, p
. 90.
4.
Livy, 23.10.1–2.
5.
Lancel,
Hannibal, p
. 115; Livy, 23.18.10–15.
6.
Livy, 23.45.4.
7.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War
, p. 92; Lancel,
Hannibal
, p. 115.
8.
Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 223.
9.
Livy, 23.11.7–12.
10.
Ibid., 23.13.2.
11.
Livy, 23.41.10–12; Lancel,
Hannibal, p
. 112; Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 226.
12.
Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars
, pp. 220–1.
13.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War
, pp. 94–5; Prevas,
Hannibal Crosses the Alps
, p. 212.
14.
Lancel,
Hannibal
, p. 115; Cornell, “Hannibal’s Legacy: The Effects of the Hannibalic War on Italy,” p. 102.
15.
Plutarch, Fabius Maximus, 20.
16.
Delbrück,
Warfare in Antiquity
, p. 340
17.
Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 358. The highest figures are Lancel’s
(Hannibal, p
. 145).
18.
Lancel,
Hannibal
, p. 122.
19.
Scullard,
Scipio Africanus, p
. 226.
20.
Livy, 23.33.5 and 23.34.4–5.
21.
Polybius, 7.9.
22.
Lancel,
Hannibal
, pp. 117–8. See also E. J. Bickerman, “An Oath of Hannibal,”
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
, vol. 75 (1944), pp. 87–102; E. J. Bickerman, “Hannibal’s Covenant,”
American Journal of Philology
, vol. 73 (1952), pp. 1–23.
23.
Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 253.
24.
Livy, 26.24.
25.
Information about the raid comes from Polybius 11.7; information about Mantinea comes from Polybius 11.11–18.
26.
Livy, 29.12.2.
27.
Livy, 23.32.7–12, 23.34.10–15, 23.40–41.7; Lancel,
Hannibal, p
. 120.
28.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War
, p. 98.
29.
Livy, 24.6.4; Polybius, 7.2.1–6.
30.
Livy, 24.29–30. The killing of the two thousand Roman deserters is discussed in Livy, 24.30.6–7.
31.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War
, p. 35.
32.
See Plutarch, Marcellus, 13.
33.
Livy (25.6) devotes an entire chapter to a moving recitation of their grievances. The senate’s reply is at Livy 25.7.2–4.
34.
Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 263.
35.
Polybius, 8.3–7.
36.
Ibid., 8.5.6.
37.
Plutarch, Marcellus, 17.
38.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War, p
. 107.
39.
Livy, 24.36.
40.
Polybius, 8.37.1–13; Plutarch, Marcellus, 18.
41.
Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars
, p. 265.
42.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War
, p. 118.
43.
Plutarch, Marcellus, 19. Actually, Plutarch gives three versions of the story, all with the same result.
44.
Ibid., 21; Livy, 25.40.1–3.
45.
Livy, 26.1.10.
46.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War
, p. 119.
47.
Livy, 26.21.14.
48.
Livy, 26.29–30.
49.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War
, p. 172.
50.
Ibid., p. 50; Daly,
Cannae
, p. 11; Polybius, 3.97.1–5.
51.
Scullard,
Scipio Africanus
52.
Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars
, pp. 246–7.
53.
Polybius, 3.76.8–11.
54.
Ibid., 3.96.
55.
Livy, 22.20–21.
56.
Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 249.
57.
Scullard,
Scipio Africanus, pp
. 32–3.
58.
Livy implies that it was late in 216, but this seems unlikely given the onset of bad weather in the Alps.
59.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War
, p. 128. Goldsworthy
(The Punic Wars
, p. 250) argues against this comparison, maintaining that there is no sign that Hasdrubal deliberately thinned the Spanish center. But Livy (23.29.8) makes it clear that the Spanish troops were irresolute, something Hasdrubal probably understood and was clever enough to exploit, especially in light of his brother’s success at Cannae.
60.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War
, p. 129.
61.
Livy, 25.32.3; Rawlings, “Celts, Spaniards, and Samnites: Warriors in a Soldier’s War,” pp. 91–2.
62.
Hoyos, “Hannibal: What Kind of Genius,” pp. 174–5.
63.
Livy, 25.33.
64.
Ibid., 25.34.
65.
Ibid., 25.35–6.
66.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War, p
. 131; Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 253.
67.
Livy (26.17.1) gives the figure as six thousand Roman infantry and three hundred cavalry, plus an equal number of allied foot soldiers and eight hundred cavalry. Appian
(History of Spain
, 17) reports ten thousand foot soldiers and a thousand horse.
68.
Livy, 26.17.3–16.
69.
Ibid., 23.43.4.
70.
Ibid., 25.13–14; Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War, pp
. 112–3.
71.
Livy, 25.16–17, 25.20.4; Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War, p
. 113.
72.
Livy, 25.19.9–17.
73.
Ibid., 25.21.
74.
Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 237.
75.
Livy, 26.1.9–10.
76.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War, p
. 174; Livy, 27.7.12–13.
77.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War, p
. 121.
78.
Livy, 26.4.4–10.
79.
Ibid., 26.5–6.
80.
For the alternative versions, see Polybius 9.3–7 and Livy 26.7–11.
81.
Livy, 26.11.6.
82.
Ibid., 26.11.4.
CHAPTER VIII: THE AVENGERS
1.
Lancel,
Hannibal
, p. 138.
2.
See for example Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War
, p. 133, and H. H. Scullard,
Roman Politics, 220–150 B.C
. (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1973), pp. 66–7.
3.
Livy, 26.19.3–9.
4.
Polybius, 10.2–3.
5.
Livy, 26.19.10.
6.
Scullard,
Scipio Africanus, p
. 40; Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War, p
. 133.