Read The Ghosts of Cannae: Hannibal and the Darkest Hour of the Roman Republic Online
Authors: Robert L. O'Connell
Tags: #Ancient, #Italy, #Battle of, #2nd, #Other, #Carthage (Extinct city), #Carthage (Extinct city) - Relations - Rome, #North, #218-201 B.C, #Campaigns, #Rome - Army - History, #Punic War, #218-201 B.C., #216 B.C, #Cannae, #218-201 B.C - Campaigns, #Rome, #Rome - Relations - Tunisia - Carthage (Extinct city), #Historical, #Military, #Hannibal, #History, #Egypt, #Africa, #General, #Biography & Autobiography
28.
Samuels, “The Reality of Cannae,” p. 20; Daly,
Cannae
, pp. 127–8.
29.
Plutarch,
Fabius Maximus
, 17.1.
30.
Dodge,
Hannibal
, p. 241.
31.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War
, p. 33.
32.
Prevas,
Hannibal Crosses the Alps, p
. 85; see also Goldsworthy,
The Roman Arm
, Appendix: Logistics.
33.
Prevas,
Hannibal Crosses the Alps
, p. 84; Livy 21.23.4.
34.
Polybius, 3.60.5; Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War
, p. 34.
35.
Livy, 21.30.8.
36.
Delbrück,
Warfare in Antiquity
, p. 355.
37.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War
, p. 50.
38.
Polybius, 3.40.2–13; Livy, 21.25.10–14; Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 151.
39.
Polybius, 3.49; Livy, 21.31.8.
40.
Lancel,
Hannibal, p
. 71.
41.
Lancel (Ibid.) notes that at the end of the nineteenth century a French scholar counted more than three hundred books and articles on the crossing, and Lancel opines that today a second lifetime would be necessary to cover the entire literature that now exists about the crossing.
42.
Ibid.; Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 166.
43.
Polybius, 3.50.3–6.
44.
Livy, 21.33; Prevas,
Hannibal Crosses the Alps, p
. 114.
45.
Hoyos, “Hannibal’s War: Illusions and Ironies,” p. 90; Prevas,
Hannibal Crosses the Alps
, pp. 127, 151.
46.
Prevas,
Hannibal Crosses the Alps
, pp. 129–30; Dodge,
Hannibal
, p. 217.
47.
Roger Dion,
“La voie heracleenne et l’itineraire transalpine d’Hannibal,”
in
Melanges a A Grenier
(coll. “Latomus,” LVIII) (Brussels: 1962), p. 538; Werner Huss,
Geschichte der Karthager (Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft
series, vol. 3, no. 8) (Munich: Beck, 1985), p. 305.
48.
Eduard Meyer,
“Noch einmals Hannibals Alpenubergang,” Museum Helveticum
, vol. 21 (1964), pp. 90–101.
49.
Prevas,
Hannibal Crosses the Alps, p
. 172.
50.
Livy, 21.35.8–10.
51.
Polybius, 3.55; Prevas,
Hannibal Crosses the Alps, p
. 150.
52.
Polybius, 3.56.4.
53.
Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 168.
CHAPTER V: THE FOX AND THE HEDGEHOG
1.
Lancel,
Hannibal
, p. 133.
2.
Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 311.
3.
Polybius, 3.61.1–6.
4.
Livy, 21.39.3.
5.
Livy (21.42) and Polybius (3.62–3) have similarly elaborate versions of the same story, apparently believing it emblematic of Hannibal’s character and mindset.
6.
Livy (21.46.7) is the main source for this vignette, although Polybius (10.3.3–7) mentions it. Livy is also honest enough to note that Coelius Antipater gives credit for the rescue to a Ligurian slave. Nevertheless, Scullard
(Scipio Africanus
, p. 29) argues that Coelius’s version was probably a later invention designed to discredit Africanus.
7.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War
, p. 53.
8.
Ibid.; Daly,
Cannae
, p. 42.
9.
Polybius, 3.66; Livy, 21.47.
10.
Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 172.
11.
Charles-Picard,
Vie et Mort de Carthage, p
. 239; Lancel,
Hannibal, p
. 84; Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 174.
12.
See Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars
, pp. 175–6, for an examination of this line of reasoning.
13.
Polybius, 3.72.11–13. Livy, 21.55.4, says the Romans numbered eighteen thousand, but Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War, p
. 56, considers this mistaken.
14.
Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 178.
15.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War, p
. 56.
16.
Polybius, 3.74.1.
17.
Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 180.
18.
Livy, 21.56; Polybius, 3.74.11.
19.
Polybius, 3.75.1.
20.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War, p
. 58.
21.
Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 181; Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War
, pp. 59–60.
22.
Polybius, 3.77.3–7.
23.
Ibid., 3.78.1–4; Livy, 22.1.3–4.
24.
With apologies to Mel Brooks.
25.
Appian,
Hannibalic War
, 8.
26.
Livy, 21.63.1; Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, pp
. 183–4.
27.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War
, p. 61.
28.
Polybius, 3.78–79; Livy, 22.2.10–11.
29.
Polybius, 3.82; Livy, 22.3.8–9.
30.
Ovid
(Fasti
, 6.767–8) says the battle took place on June 21. The site of the battle is subject to some dispute. Those interested in the various arguments should see Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War, pp
. 62–3; Connolly,
Greece and Rome, pp
. 172–5; and J. Kromayer and G. Veith,
Antike Schlachtfelder in Italien und Afrika
(Berlin: Weidmann, 1912), pp. 148–93. However, it seems that the whole basis for any certainty is undermined by the likelihood that the lake’s level and shore must have shifted significantly over the course of twenty-two hundred years.
31.
Dodge,
Hannibal
, p. 299.
32.
Livy, 22.5.8.
33.
Goldsworthy (
The Punic Wars
, p. 189) attributes this figure to Fabius Pictor.
34.
This passage of Livy’s (22.7. 6–14) is particularly vivid and illustrates the historian’s almost cinematic qualities.
35.
Goldsworthy,
Cannae
, pp. 59–60.
36.
F. W. Walbank,
A Historical Commentary on Polybius
, vol. 1 (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1957), pp. 410–11.
37.
John F. Shean, “Hannibal’s Mules: The Logistical Limitations of Hannibal’s Army and the Battle of Cannae,”
Historia
, vol. 45, no. 2 (1996), p. 181.
38.
Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars, p
. 195.
39.
Lancel,
Hannibal
, p. 101.
40.
Plutarch, Fabius Maximus, 1; Goldsworthy,
Cannae, p
. 39.
41.
Plutarch, Fabius Maximus, 4.
42.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War
, p. 68; Livy, 22.11.3–4.
43.
Polybius, 3.87.1–3; Goldsworthy,
The Punic Wars
.
44.
Polybius, 18.28.9.
45.
Daly,
Cannae
, pp. 89–90, takes this position.
46.
Head,
Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars
, p. 144. Polybius uses the term
“long-chophoroi,”
which is sometimes translated as “pikemen,” but it is clear from his use of such troops as skirmishers that he does not mean they were used in a phalanx, nor that they carried pikes.
47.
Polybius, 3.87.4–5.
48.
Ibid., 3.88.9.
49.
Livy, 22.12.4–5.
50.
Dodge,
Hannibal
, p. 317; Shean, “Hannibal’s Mules,” p. 181.
51.
Plutarch, Fabius Maximus, 5.
52.
Livy (22.13.5–8) says that was only one guide, but Plutarch (Fabius Maximus, 6.3) maintains it was a number of guides.
53.
Polybius, 3.93–94.5; Livy, 22.16–17.
54.
Livy, 22.23.4–5.
55.
Polybius, 3.100.4.
56.
Ibid., 101–102.
57.
Lazenby,
Hannibal’s War, p
. 72.
58.
Polybius, 3.104–5; Livy, 22.28.