The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn (80 page)

 
39
Narratives of the Reformation
, pp. 57-8; George Wyatt, in
Wolsey
, ed. Singer, pp. 422, 439. Wyatt was related to the Gainsfords.
 
40
William Tyndale,
Works
, ed. H. Walter, Parker Society (1848 — 50), i.118, 333. Cf. D. Daniell,
William Tyndale
(New Haven, 1994), pp. 222-49.
 
41
Tyndale,
Works
, i.240.
 
42
Ibid., i.206-7, 240.
 
43
Cal. S. P. Span., 1529 — 30
, p. 708. Clement did threaten to excommunicate anyone furthering unilateral action in England:
LP
, iv.6256; repeated Jan. 1531: ibid., v.27.
 
44
Narratives of the Reformation,
p. 56.
 
45
The Obedience
remained on the banned list:
Tudor Royal Proclamations
, i.129.
 
46
He failed, and
The Practice of Prelates
(Antwerp, 1529) showed that Tyndale opposed the divorce: R. Marius,
Thomas More
(1985), pp. 387 — 9.
 
47
Foxe,
Acts and Monuments,
iv.656 — 8
 
48
Simon Fish,
The Supplication of Beggars,
in
English Historical Documents, 1485 — 1558,
ed. C. H. Williams (1967), p. 673.
 
49
In the 1570 edition, Foxe added another version of events in which a royal footman tells the king about the book and introduces two merchants who read the tract to Henry then and there. This elicited the king’s famous comment that ‘if a man should pull down an old stone wall and begin at the lower part, the upper part thereof might chance to fall upon his head.’ For this tale, too, there is good support since the names of the footman and the merchants can be substantiated in other sources [
LP
, iv.2839(24), 4595, App.78; v. p. 305]. T. S. Freeman argues that this story is not incompatible with the story about Anne and that [pace
Anne Boleyn
(1986), p. 163n] there is no confusion with her promotion of Tyndale’s
Obedience
, which Foxe learned about only in 1579: Freeman in Hist.
Journ.,
38, 802, 805-6, 809-10.
 
50
Herbert,
Henry VIII
, pp. 446-51.
 
51
Ives, in
Trans. Hist. Soc. Lancs
.
& Ches
., 123, 7 — 8.
 
52
House of Commons
, iii.664.
 
53
Cal. S. P. Span
., 1529-30, p. 599.
 
54
G. D. Nicholson, ‘The nature and function of historical argument in the Henrician Reformation’ (University of Cambridge, Ph.D. thesis, 1977) and ‘The act of appeals and the English reformation’, in
Law and Government,
pp. 20-5.
 
55
Ibid., p. 21; MacCulloch,
Cranmer
,, p. 55.
 
56
Censurae academiarum
(T. Berthelet, 1531);
Cal. S. P. Span., 1529 — 30
, pp. 818, 821, 847.
 
57
The Determinations of the most famous and excellent Universities of Italy and France, that it is unlawful for a man to marry his brother’s wife; that the Pope hath no power to dispense therewith
(T. Berthelet, 1531).
 
58
The Divorce Tracts of Henry VIII
, ed. E. Sturtz and V. Murphy (Angers, 1988), p. 265.
 
59
V. Murphy, in
Henry VIII
, ed. MacCulloch (1995), pp. 138 — 42.
 
60
Ibid., pp. 142-3, 154; Nicolson in
Law and Government
, p. 25;
LP,
iv.6088. See pp. 249-50.
 
61
Cal. S. P. Span
., 1529-30, p. 601.
 
62
Ibid., pp. 758-9.
 
63
Ibid., p. 790.
 
64
Ibid., pp. 797 — 8, 803.
 
65
Glasse of Truthe
(T. Berthelet, 1531);
Disputatio inter militem et clericum
(Berthelet, 1531); St. German,
New Additions
(Berthelet, 1531). Thomas Berthelet was the royal printer. For St. German see p. 149.
 
66
Cal. S. P. Span
., 1529 — 30, p. 862.
 
67
J. J. Scarisbrick, ‘The pardon of the clergy’, in
Cambridge. Historical journal,
12 (1956), modified by Guy, in
EHR
, 97, 481-503. See also G. W. Bernard and J. A. Guy, ‘The pardon of the clergy reconsidered’, in
JEH
, 37 (1986), 259 — 87. The convocation for the province of York was much smaller and normally met later, since its bishops were required at parliament.
 
68
Cal. S. P. Span
.,
1531 — 33,
p. 3 [LP, v.24].
 
69
Ibid., pp. 16, 22-3, 26 [
LP
, v.40,45].
 
70
Guy, in
EHR
, 97, 492-3, 495.
 
71
Cal. S. P. Span
.,
1531

33
, p. 63 [
LP
, v.105].
 
72
By claiming this ‘under God’, Henry was also able to circumvent the traditional restriction of secular authority to ‘temporal matters’.
 
73
Cal. S. P. Ven
.,
1527 — 33,
656 must suggest that the ambiguity was deliberate, for the Crown rejected the extra qualification ‘as far as canon law allows’. Cf. Henry’s tendentious reply to Bishop Tunstall: Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, pp. 278-80.
 
74
Cal. S. P. Span., 1531

33
, pp. 63, 71,
 
75
[
LP
, v.105, 112 ].
75 Ibid., p. 152 [
LP
, v.238]; cf. Knecht,
Renaissance Warrior and Patron,
pp
.
227-9.
 
76
Cal. S. P. Span., 1531 — 33
, p. 26 [LP, v.45].
 
77
Ibid.,
1529 — 30
, p. 511.
 
78
LP, v.340, 616; xiii.961. Note Exeter’s praise of Katherine’s strength of conviction in May 1531: ibid., v.238.
 
79
Cal. S. P. Span., 1529 — 30,
pp. 279, 470, 514, 536, 587, 692;
1531 — 33,
p. 198 [
LP
, v.308].
 
80
Ibid.,
1529 — 30,
p. 421; see above, p. 127.
 
81
Seep. 76.
 
82
Muir,
Life and Letters of Wyatt
, p. 201. See p. 331.
 
83
Cal. S. P. Span., 1529 — 30
, pp. 708-9. The reference to ‘Norfolk’ [p. 709] should read ‘Suffolk’: Friedmann,
Anne Boleyn,
i.120 n.2.
 
84
Cal. S. P. Span., 1531 — 33,
p. 177 [LP, v.216].
 
85
Ibid., p. 214 [LP, v.340].
 
86
For the duchess see Wood, Letters, ii.360 — 72;
LP
, vi.474, 475.
 
87
Cal. S. P. Span., 1531 — 33,
p. 814 [LP, vi.1164]; Friedmann,
Anne Boleyn
, i.233.
 
88
Cal. S. P. Span.
,
1529 — 30
, p. 368.
 
89
Ibid., pp. 762, 819 [
Correspondence of Charles V and his Ambassadors
, ed. W. Bradford (1850), p. 323]; ibid.,
1531 — 33
, pp. 44, 154 [LP, v.216, 238]. The ambiguity of the first reference is settled by Wood,
Letters
, ii.363, 368; it was the marriage with the son of the earl of Derby which the duchess preferred. Chapuys’ gossip on the Howard marriages is contradictory, e.g.
Cal. S. P. Span.
,
1529 — 30
, 279, 360, in part because of his wish to detach Norfolk. from Anne by suggesting the marriage of Surrey to Mary.
 
90
Friedmann,
Anne Boleyn
, i.128 n.1;
Cal. S. P. Span.
,
1531 — 33
, p. 154 [LP, v.238].
 
91
September 1530 found Anne trying to force courtiers to abandon Katherine: ibid.,
1529 — 30
, p. 422.
 
92
Ibid., pp. 710, 852; literally: ‘thus it will be, grudge who grudges.’
 
93
R. L. Greene, ‘A carol of Anne Boleyn by Wyatt’, in
Review of English Studies
, NS 25 (1974), pp. 437-9. It is not by Wyatt: Harrier,
Canon
, p. 54. Line 11 might well be a pre-echo of Anne’s later motto: ‘The Most Happy’.
 
94
Friedmann, Anne Boleyn., i.128 n.3.
 
95
Cal. S. P. Span.,
1531 — 33
, p. 3 [LP, v. 24]. Cf. Henry’s reported response to the vandalizing of Katherine’s barge: ibid., p. 693 [LP, vi.556].
 
96
Cal. S. P. Span., 1529-30, p. 600; ibid.,
1531 — 33
, pp. 214, 239 [LP, v.340, 416]. Chapuys regularly refers to ‘the young marquis’, which from 10 Oct. 1530 should mean Henry Grey, marquis of Dorset (b. 1517) and not Henry Courtenay, marquis of Exeter (b. c.1498), although the references only make sense if the latter is meant. Chapuys began the practice in the last months of Grey’s father’s life, hence ‘young marquis =’ Exeter [ibid.,
1529 — 30
, pp. 430, 600]; hence also the wife dismissed from court was Katherine’s former attendant, Gertrude Courtenay, nee Blount, not Frances Grey, the daughter of Charles Brandon and Mary Tudor. Cf. Friedmann,
Anne Boleyn
, i.146 n.3.
 
97
Cal. S. P. Span., 1529 — 30
, p. 600.
 
98
Some of Anne’s anger might be accounted for if she was also making shirts for Henry: Nicolas, Privy Purse, p. 97.
 
99
Cal. S. P. Span., 1531 — 33
, p. 699 [
LP
, vi.556]. The evidence, however, is retrospective. For Norfolk on Boleyn, see ibid.,
1529 — 30
, pp. 442-3.
 
100
LP
, v.216;
Cal. S. P. Span., 1531 — 33,
pp. 152-3
[LP,
v.238]. For Anne’s open rejection of Katherine as queen, see ibid., p. 3
[LP
, v.24; Friedmann,
Anne Boleyn
, i.129 n.1 ].
 
101
Cal. S. P. Span., 1531 — 33
, pp. 175 — 7 [LP, v.287].
 
102
Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, pp. 276-8; Mattingly,
Catherine of Aragon
, p. 232; Guy,
Public Career of More
, pp. 175-6.
 
103
LP, v.216; vi.1464 — 6, 1468, 1470.
 
104
W. Schenk,
Reginald Pole
(1950), pp. 28-9.
 
105
Cal. S. P. Span., 1531 — 33
, p. 322 [
LP
, v.563].
 
106
Ibid., 1529 — 30, p. 586;
1531 — 33,
pp. 239 — 40 [
LP
, v.416];
LP
, v.364(28).
 
107
But Bryan and Fox did pray for Henry to receive ‘your heart’s desire’: Pocock,
Records
, ii.140
[LP
, v.427].
 
108
Cal. S. P. Span., 1531 — 33,
p. 152 [
LP
,v.238]; LP, v.1025. He did make a brief return visit in Sept.: ibid., v.401, 427.
 
109
Nicolas,
Privy Purse
, passim; LP, v.App.10.
 
110
RO, E101/420/1
[LP
, iv.App. 256].
 
111
Cal. S. P. Span., 1529 — 30,
p. 536.
 
112
Nicolas,
Privy Purse
, pp. 47, 50.
 
113
Ibid., p. 74.
 
114
George Wyatt, in
Wolsey
, ed. Singer, pp. 429 — 30.
 
115
Cal. S. P. Span., 1529 — 30
, p. 634.

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