Read The Oxford History of the Biblical World Online
Authors: Michael D. Coogan
Augustine (bishop of Hippo), 432
attitude toward Jews, 437
City of God,
432
Augustus Caesar (Octavian), 356, 361, 389–94, 398–99
archaeology and, 392
pater patriae, 393
pontifex maximus, 393
Res gestae divi Augusti, 391
Avaris.
See
Tell ed-Dab‘a
Avigad, Nahman, 274
Azariah/Uzziah, 233
Aziru, 50
Baal, 50–51
and Mot, 51
names and, 212, 235
as rival of Yahweh, 51
temple of, in Jerusalem, 230
temple of, at Ugarit, 50
Ugaritic epics and, 50–51
and Yamm, 51
Baalath, 189
Baal of Peor, 108
Baasha, 215
Babata, archive of, 442
Babel, Tower of, 17
Babylon, 9, 37, 224, 263, 280, 325, 400
fall of, 282
Babylonia, 8, 37, 176, 224, 258, 262, 263, 280, 400
archaeology and, 265–66
life of Israel under, 268
Babylonian Chronicle, 258, 264, 265, 273
Babylonian empire, end of, 282
Babylonian exile, 269–72
Aramaic language in, 270
religion and, 271–72, 281
return from, 284, 286
Bacchides, 333–34
Bagoas, 309, 313
Baines, John, 88
Balaam
oracles of, 158
stories, 154
bandits, 380
Bar Kokhba, 358, 385, 386, 421–22, 426
War of, 422
Bar Koziba.
See
Bar Kokhba
Baruch, Second (2 Baruch), 384
Bar-Yosef, Ofer, 23
Bassus.
See
Sextus Lucius Bassus
battles
Actium, 356, 390, 452
Carchemish, 44, 262
Ebenezer, 127
Issus, 279, 314, 451
Jezreel Valley, 44
Kishon, 92, 135
Marathon, 304
Megiddo, 81
Milvian Bridge, 423
Philippi, 355
Qadesh, 45, 46, 84
Qarqar, 211, 219, 220, 225, 449
Bay (Asiatic in Egypt), 75, 85, 117
beatitudes, 372
Beer-sheba, 29, 137, 146, 167, 184, 208, 263
archaeology and, 15–16
Bel and the Dragon, 341
Bel-shar-usur (Belshazzar), 273, 284
Ben-hadad of Damascus, 215, 224–25, 231
in 1 Kings 211
Beni Hasan, 68
Benjamin
territory of, 100, 101, 134, 167, 208
tribe of, 183
Berenice (daughter of Agrippa I), 377–78, 381
běrît (covenant), 158
Berossus, 258
Babyloniaca, 97
Beruta (Beirut), 43
Bethel, 27, 29, 37, 208, 287
and Aaronite priestly family, 213
and conquest of Canaan, 96–97, 98
destruction of, 305
sanctuary at, 213
Beth-horon, 189, 354
Beth-shan, 37, 81, 84, 114, 120, 127, 208
Bickerman, Elias J., 350
Bietak, Manfred, 129
Biqa’ Valley, 5
Biran, Avraham, 125, 213–14
bishops, 434
Black Obelisk, 229
Jehu and, 229
“Blessing of Moses,” 107
Bliss, Frederick, 13
Bloch, Marc, 104
Bloch-Smith, Elizabeth, 163
bloodwater, plague of, 59
Boaz, as name of Temple pillar, 199
Boethusians, 365
boils, plague of, 59
Boling, Robert G., 163, 240
Book of the Acts of Solomon, 197
Book of the Annals of the Kings of Israel, 209, 261
Book of the Annals of the Kings of Judah, 209, 261
Book of the Covenant, 60
book of the law, and reform of Josiah, 260
Booths, festival of (Sukkot), 358
Bowersock, Glen W., 444
Boyce, Mary, 315
Briant, Pierre, 315
brickmaking, in Egypt, 66
Bright, John, 240
Bronze Age, 14
Brooten, Bernadette, 442, 444
Brown, Peter, 427, 444
bulla.
See
seals and seal impressions
burial
customs and archaeology, 12, 14, 16, 156
Egyptian, 120
in Iron Age Israel, 186–87
burning bush, 59, 64, 106
Byblos, 9, 37, 41, 43, 138, 154–55, 224
Byzantine period, 432–33, 452
Byzantium, 400, 432
Caesar.
See
Julius Caesar
Caesar Augustus.
See
Augustus Caesar
Caesarea, 357
and First Jewish Revolt, 380
Caesarea Philippi, 362
Caiaphas, 361
Cain
and Abel, 21
Kenites and, 110
calendar, 368
Jewish, 438
Caligula (Gaius Julius Caesar), 396–98
Callaway, Joseph A., 163
Cambyses, 292, 295, 451
camels, 109
Cameron, Averil, 432, 444
Campbell, Edward F., Jr., 163, 206–41
Campenhausen, Hans von, 418
Canaan, 37, 68
and ancestral narratives in Genesis, 26–27
emergence of Israel in, 90
in Late Bronze Age, 47
in Middle Bronze Age, 41–42
term, 30
Canaanite
culture, 27
language, 47, 153
term, 30
canon
Daniel and, 340
formation of, 260, 276, 302, 418, 433–34
canonical criticism, and Exodus narrative, 61–62
Caphtor (Crete), as home of Philistines, 114
Caracalla (emperor), 423
Carchemish, 37, 43, 263
battle of, 44, 262
Carites, 230
Carmel, Mount, 4, 208, 222, 287, 354
Carniero, Robert L., 203
Cave of the Treasure, 15–16
census
attempted by David, 198
list, in 2 Samuel 24, 185
Roman, 361
ceramics.
See
pottery
Chagar Bazar, 34, 37
Chalcolithic Age, 14–16, 447
Chaney, M., 204
chariots, 66, 126
of Yahweh, 157
charismatic teachers, 369–74
Chavalas, Mark W., 56
Chemosh (Moabite god), 154, 156
cherubim, 157, 198
chiefdom, 151, 177–78
chief priest.
See
high priest
Chosroes II (king), 443
Chrestus, 399, 401
Christ
title, 388
See also
Jesus
Christian
designation, 402–03
diversity, 428–29
orthodoxy, 428
Christianity, early, 374–75
organization of, 374–75
persecution of, 379, 423–24
religious practices of, 374, 414
triumph of, 423–26
Christos, 399
Chronicler, 93, 209
Chronicles, books of, 281, 290, 302, 307
history of composition of, 281
Jerusalem bias of, 217
Judean monarchy and, 243
monarchy and, 173–74, 213
sources of, 210–12
church
and Jews, 436–38
in Late Antiquity, 433–35
church fathers, anti-Jewish sentiments of, 436–37
Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Byzantine, 425
Chuvin, Pierre, 444
Cicero, 393
circumcision, 336, 376
significance of, during exile, 271
cities
architecture of, in Iron Age Israel, 189
government of, 17
Levitical, 60
Philistine, 123–24
rise of, 16–18
royal, 189
cities of refuge, 216
city gate
architecture of, 188
city-states, 447, 448
in Canaan, 47–49
in Syria-Palestine, 80–83, 447108–13, 597
Claessen, Henri J. M., 203
Claudius (emperor), 363, 377–78, 398–401, 452
expelled Jews from Rome, 379
letter to Alexandrians, 398
clay tablets, as writing materials, 19
Cleopatra III, 338
Cleopatra VII, 356–57, 390
Clifford, Richard J., 23
coastal plain, of Palestine, 4, 5
codex, as manuscript form, 434
coffins
anthropoid, 119–20
Cogan, Mordechai, 242–75
Cohen, Ronald, 203
Cohen, Shaye J. D., 350, 386, 441
coins, 315
archaeology and, 12
commemorating death of Augustus, 389
Herodian, 357
inscribed with “Year 1,” 382
minted by Agrippa I, 377
minted by Agrippa II, 378
minted by Bar Kokhba, 358, 385
of Nero, 401
from Ptolemaic period, 319
Roman, 392
from Second Jewish Revolt, 422
silver, inscribed
yhd,
311
Colosseum, 406–07
conquest of Canaan, 61, 77, 79
archaeology and, 94–97
conquest hypothesis, 94–97
narratives of, 93–94
pastoral-nomad hypothesis, 102–03
peasants’ revolt hypothesis, 103–04
ruralization hypothesis, 104–05
Constantine, 69, 424–26, 432, 435, 439, 452
Constantine II, 435
Constantinople, 432, 452
Constantius, 416, 426, 435–36, 439
Constitutio Antoniniana, 423
Coogan, Michael D., 3–24, 56, 88
Cook, J. M., 315
Coote, Robert B., 204, 218, 240
Coponius, 362
copper artifacts, 15–16
Council of Nicea, 391, 425
councils of the church, 434
covenant, 60, 106
ideology of, 209
Covenant Code.
See
Book of the Covenant
creation, and ancient Near East, 3, 19–20
Crete, Phoenicians and, 155
Crim, Keith, 130
Croesus, 283
Cross, Frank Moore, 56, 105, 129–30, 163, 213, 240, 275, 313
crucifixion, by Alexander Janneus, 337
Cumanus (Ventidius Cumanus), 378
cuneiform writing, 19
Cushan, 108
Cuspius Fadus, 377–78
Cyprus, 9, 224, 263, 280, 325, 400
Persian empire, 292
Philistines and, 117–18, 153
Cyrus Cylinder, 282, 283–84
Cyrus the Great, 273, 279, 451
and book of Ezra, 284
restoration and, 282–86, 299
and Second Isaiah, 273–74
D
date of composition of, 61
as pentateuchal source, 61
Dagan, 32, 50
Dalley, Stephanie, 8, 20, 22, 23
Damascus, 37, 43, 138, 152, 167, 208, 224, 263, 280, 325, 332, 354, 400
Damasus (pope), 434
Dan
territory of, 138, 167
tribe of, 91, 115, 125, 139
Dan (Tel Dan), 208
ancient sanctuary at, 213
See also
Tel Dan
Daniel, book of, 311, 340–42
Greek version of, 341
Danites.
See
Dan, tribe of
Darius I, 278, 292–93, 294, 295, 302, 304, 451
archaeological record of, 293
death of, 304
statue of, at Susa, 285–86
Darius II, 314
Darius III Codomanus, 279, 314
darkness, plague of, 59
David, 449
anointing of, 197
and ark of the covenant, 156
and building of Temple, 198
as chief, 178
in Chronicles, 174–75
chronology of, 169
Court History of, 172
Deuteronomic History and, 171–75