The Oxford History of the Biblical World (111 page)

tablets, 34, 55

Mariamme, 356, 357

Mari Eponym Chronicle,
36

Mark, Gospel of, 372, 405, 409

Mark Antony, 355–56, 390

marriage

under Constantine, 436

mixed, 308, 310

Nuzi tablets and, 52

regulations, 312

Martial, 407

Spectacula, 407

Marullus, 363

Mary, mother of Jesus, 428

Mary of Magdala, 430

Masada, 332, 338, 357, 380, 382, 384

Masoretes, 321

Masoretic Text, 321

Mattathias, 331, 334

Matthew, Gospel of, 372, 409, 420

infancy narrative, 361, 369

Matthiae, Paolo, 31, 32

Maurice, 443

Maximilla, 429

Mazar, Amihai, 56, 204

McCarter, P. Kyle, Jr., 163

McManners, John, 445

Medeba, 94

Medes, 283

Medinet Habu, 119–20, 126

Megabyzus, 305

Megiddo (Tell el-Mutesellim), 21, 37, 43, 114, 127, 138, 167, 189, 208, 261, 263, 287

archaeology and, 16, 187, 220–21

architecture of, 187, 189

besieged by Thutmose III, 44, 81

and conquest of Canaan, 99

ivory knife handle from, 157

Mehmet the Conqueror, 432

melek (king), 178

Mendenhall, George E., 103–04, 130

Menelaus, 327–33

and high priesthood, 327

Menes

founder of first dynasty of Egypt, 18

identified with Narmer, 18

menstruation, and purity, 359

mercy seat, 157–58

Merneptah, 73, 85, 91–93, 102, 117, 121, 146–47, 152, 448

Merneptah Stela, 71–72, 79, 85, 91–92, 100, 121, 146–47

and name of Israel, 71, 91

Merodach-baladan (Marduk-apal-iddina), 249

Merrillees, Robert S., 88

Mesad Hashavyahu, 259, 263

Mesha Stela, 113, 161, 162, 175

Mesopotamia, 9, 263

geography of, 7–8

in Middle Bronze Age, 33

name, 7

messiah, 399, 420

Bar Kokhba as, 421–22

Cyrus as, 282

Jesus as, 373, 388, 395, 402, 408, 429

and kingship, 165–66

origins of, 165–66

and Qumran community, 345, 369

messianic expectation, 369–74

metallurgy, 14

Metzger, Bruce M., 88

Meyer, Eduard, 105

Meyers, Carol, 165–205, 296

Meyers, Eric M., 23, 296, 445

mezuzot, 368

Micah (prophet), 248

Micah, book of, 243, 248

Middle Bronze Age, 33, 448

in Palestine, 18

Middle Bronze Age I, 33, 448

Midian, 105–06, 107

Midianites, Moses and, 105–11

midrash (inquiry), 440

Midrashim, 440

Milcom (deity of Ammon), 156

Milkilu (king of Gezer), 47

Millar, Fergus, 419

Miller, J. Maxwell, 129, 240

Milvian Bridge, battle of, 424

Minucius Felix, 417

Mishnah, 440

Mitanni, 37, 42–45, 82, 84, 448

Mithras cult, 417

Mittmann, Siegfried, 129

Mizpah (Tell en-Nasbeh), 208, 287

headquarters of Gedaliah, 268

Moab, 60, 91, 95, 100, 101, 138, 153–54, 208, 224, 227–28, 263, 280, 287

and book of Ruth, 137

and the Exodus, 60, 79

Moabite language, 153

Moabites

in Genesis, 154

in Numbers and Judges, 154

religion of, 156

Moabite Stone, 219, 240

Modein, 331

Modrzejewski, Joseph M., 350

Momigliano, Arnaldo, 350

monarchy

biblical reservations concerning, 201, 210

as government of early cities, 17

at Sumer, 17

Monarchy, Divided.
See
Divided Monarchy

monarchy, Judean, final decades of, 262–69

Monarchy, United.
See
United Monarchy

monasticism, 435

monastic settlements, 69

and route of the Exodus, 69

money changers, 358

monks, 434–35

Monolith Inscription, 221

monotheism

Akhenaten and, 111

Moses and, 105–11

Montanist movement, 429, 433

and female prophets, 429

Montanus, 429

Moore, George Foot, 92

Moran, William L., 56

Moses

and ark of the covenant, 156–57

birth narrative of, 59

and burning bush, 59, 106

and the Exodus, 58

and Jesus, 371

leadership of, in wilderness, 60

and Midianite family, 59, 105–11

name, 65

revelation of the name of God to, 53–54

speeches of, in Deuteronomy, 60

Mot (god of death), 51

Muhammad, 443, 444, 452

Mukish, 43

Muqqadisi, 444

Murashu texts, 282, 311–12

Mursilis I, 40

Mursilis II, 162

Muwatallis, 46

Mycenaean empire, 90

Mycenaean pottery, 115, 126, 153

myrrh, 109

mystery religions, 417

myth and myths, 19–22

creation, 19–20

Naaman, 225, 271

Na’aman, Nadav, 93, 130

Nabateans, 109

Nabonidus, 272–73, 282–83, 285, 450

religious practice of, 283–84

“Verse Account of Nabonidus,” 282, 283

Nabonidus Chronicle, 282, 284

Nabopolassar, 258

Naboth, 223

Nag Hammadi, 428

nagîd
(prince or ruler), 178

Nahal Mishmar, 15

Nahum, book of, 243, 258

names

Babylonian exile and, 270

divine element in, 29, 53, 212, 291, 312

Yahwistic, 282, 291, 312

names of God, Canaanite evidence for, 53–54

Naram-Sin, 31, 33, 447

Narmer, 18

national god, 156

national religion, 156

Naveh, Joseph, 129, 163

Neapolis (modern Nablus), 354, 385

Nebo, Mount, 5, 60, 68

Nebuchadrezzar (Nebuchadnezzar), 262–66, 268, 269, 272–73, 279, 287, 450

Neco II, 261, 262, 264–65, 450

Nefertiti, 82

Negeb, 5, 6, 138, 208

pottery from, 184

settlements in, 183–84

trade and, 190

Nehemiah, 277, 288, 289, 290, 296, 298, 302–11, 313, 451

Hebrew language and, 279

wall of, 309

Nehemiah, book of, 347

history of composition of, 281
See also
Ezra-Nehemiah

Neo-Assyrian empire, 176, 449

Neo-Babylonian Chronicles, 244

Neo-Babylonian empire, 263, 450

Aramaic language in, 278–79

fall of, 272–74, 283–84

Neolithic Age, 10–12, 447

“Neolithic revolution,” 10

Neoplatonist school of Athens, 427

Neo-Sumerian culture, collapse of, 34

Nero, 363, 378–79, 382, 401–05, 452

Golden House of, 402, 407

Nerva, 385, 412–13, 452

Neusner, Jacob, 387, 438, 442, 445

Newsom, Carol A., 163

Nicanor, 342

Nicea, Council of, 391, 425

Nickelsburg, George W. E., 350, 387, 418

Nicolaus of Damascus, 354

Nile River, 7, 68

Nile Valley, 7

Nineveh, 224, 263, 280, 450

palace relief at, 251

Nippur, 224, 263, 280, 282

Niya, 37, 43

Noadiah., 310

Noah, 21

as planter of first vineyard, 21

Noble Sanctuary (Jerusalem), 443

nomadism, 54–55

non-Jews, 347–49

Nora inscription, 155

northern kingdom

attitude of, toward kingship, 217

fall of, 236–40

succession of rule in, 217

Noth, Martin, 145

novel, Jewish, 322

Nuhashe, 37, 43

Numbers, book of, 60

Nuzi, 37

archaeology and, 52

tablets, 52

Obadiah, book of, 243, 267

obsidian, 11

Octavian, 355–57, 452.
See also
Augustus Caesar, 389–90

Ofer, Avi, 129

Old Greek version of Hebrew scriptures, 320–21

Old Kingdom, in Egypt, 18

Olmstead, Albert T., 316

Omri, 449

and Mesha Stela, 175

Omri-Ahab dynasty, 212, 218–28

archaeology and, 218–21

Oniads, 327

Onias III, 324, 327

Onias IV, 333, 344

Oppenheim, A. Leo, 17

oral law, 386

Pharisees and, 366

oral tradition, Genesis and, 27

Orient, 3

Origen, 428, 438

Orni, Ephraim, 23

Orontes River, 5, 9

Orontes River Valley, 5, 9

Orosius, 421

ossuaries, 14

Othniel, 134–35

Otho, 405

Ottoman Turks, 432

P, 28

as pentateuchal source, 61

paganism, 427–28, 432

Paleolithic era, 10

Palestine

geographical divisions of, 6

under the Hasmoneans, 332

under the Herods, 354

in Persian period, 288–90

population of, in Bronze Age, 30, 31

settlement of, 87 (
see also
conquest of Canaan)

Pamphilus, 423–24

papyrus, 19

Papyrus Oxyrhynchus, 401

Papyrus Rylands, 265

parables, as genre, 3

Paran, 107

Pardee, Dennis, 56

Parker, Simon B., 56

Parr, Peter, 110, 130

Parsa, 283

Parthians, 356

Hadrian and, 416–17

Passover, 362

and dedication of Temple, 295

and plagues of Egypt, 59

and reform of Josiah, 260

in Second Temple period, 358

Pastoral Epistles, 415

pastoralism, 54–55

in Midian, 108

pastoral nomadism, and premonarchic Israel, 102–03

Paul, 374, 378, 379, 404

pax Aegyptica,
82

Pax Augusta,
390

Pax Claudiana,
398

Pax Romana,
356

Peace of Callias, 306

Peace of Lysias, 331

Peebles, Christopher S., 203

Peleset.
See
Philistines

Pelikan, Jaroslav, 445

Peloponnesian War, 306, 314, 451

Pentateuch, 276

Greek translation of, 320

legal traditions of, 307

Mosaic authorship of, 62

origins and date of, 276, 302

“people of the land, the,” 230, 262, 299

Per Atum (Pithom), 65

Perevolotsky, Aviram, 89

Per-Rameses.
See
Rameses

Persepolis

relief from, 293

Persian empire, policies of, 285

Persian Gulf, 8

Persian period, 276–316, 451

Aramaic language in, 278–79

archaeology and, 278, 279

boundaries of, 280

chronology of, 279–82

cultural influences in, 277–79, 286–87, 293

Greco-Persian conflict in, 304–06

Jewish writings of, 276–77

reign of Darius, 292–95

religion of Israel in, 276

sources for, 279–82

Persians, 283

Pesach.
See
Passover

Pesharim, 368

Peter, 374

Peters, F. E., 351, 445

Petrie, W. M. Flinders, 160

Pettinato, Giovanni, 33, 56

Phanni (Phanassus) ben Samuel, 382

pharaoh, 18, 66

Pharisees, 277, 339, 342–46, 365, 369, 385–86, 420

Alexandra and, 339, 366

beliefs of, 343–44, 366–67

and First Jewish Revolt, 381

and Hasmoneans, 366

and Herod the Great, 366

Josephus and, 365, 366

name of, 365

and oral tradition, 366

and Stoics, 365