The Oxford History of the Biblical World (113 page)

Shalmaneser III, 211, 218–19, 220–21, 449

Shalmaneser V, 239, 244, 449

Shamgar, 135, 139

Shammai, 367

house of, 367, 386

Shamshi-Adad I (ruler of Assyria), 34, 35, 36–39, 448

conflict with Yamhad, 40

Shanks, Hershel, 129, 163, 446

Shasu bedouin, 74, 84, 86, 92, 102, 108

Shattiwaza, 45

Shaushtatar (king of Mitanni), 43

Shavuot.
See
Weeks, festival of

Sheba, queen of, 108, 109

Shebiktu (pharaoh), 250

Shecaniah, 296

Shechem, 37, 43, 95, 96, 114, 138, 147, 167, 208, 216, 239, 287, 332, 354

abandonment of, 305

and Amarna letters, 49

archaeology and, 86, 236

assembly at, 210–11, 212

as capital of Samaria, 346

as city of refuge, 216

covenant ceremony at, 216

and Deuteronomic thought, 217

House 1727 at, 239

significant events concerning, 216

Shekelesh, 86, 152.
See also
Sea Peoples

Shekhna (Shubat-Enlil), 36

Shelemiah, 313

Shelomith, 296, 303–04

Shemaiah, 310

Shenazzar, 292

Shephelah, the, 4, 6, 138

in Persian period, 288

Shepherd of Hermas, 433

Sherden, 152.
See also
Sea Peoples

Sheshbazzar, 286, 288, 292, 296, 303

Shiloh, 114, 138, 147, 287

sanctuary of Yahweh at, 127

Shimron-meron, 99

Shishak (pharaoh), 175, 184–85, 214, 449

shophet
(judge), 141–43

Shoshenq I.
See
Shishak Shuttarna (king of Mitanni), 44

Shuttarna III, 45

Shuwardatu, 48

Sicarii, 378, 380, 384

Sidon, 37, 43, 138, 152, 154–55, 208, 224, 263, 280, 287, 325, 332, 354, 400

Sidonians, 155.
See also
Phoenicia

Sihon, 94

Sikils, 99, 118, 119, 122, 152–53.
See also
Sea Peoples; Tjeker

Siloam Tunnel, 245, 250

inscription, 250

Silva (Flavius Silva), 384

Simeon bar Kosba (Kosiba).
See
Bar Kokhba

Simeon ben Gamaliel, 366, 381

Simon bar Giora, 382, 384

Simon Maccabee, 333–36

Simon the Just, 324

Sin (moon-god), 283

Sinai

Moses and, 142

wilderness, 59

Sinai, Mount, 68, 107.
See also
Horeb, Mount

Sinai Peninsula, 5, 9, 68

route of Exodus and, 67–69

Singer, Itamar, 57

Sitz-im-Leben
(setting in life), and form criticism, 61

Smallwood, E. Mary, 445

Smith, David, 57

Smith, Morton, 316

Snell, Daniel C., 24

Soden, Wolfram von, 24

Solomon, 151, 449

accession to throne and date of Exodus, 69–70, 78–79

anointing of, 197

architecture and, 187

building activity of, 187–88

chronology of, 169

death of, 71, 169, 206

Deuteronomic History and, 172–75

high officials of, 194

kingdom of, 167, 185

administrative structure of, 195–96

and kingship of Israel, 169

organization of Israel and, 111–12

priestly officials of, 194

and wisdom literature, 175

Solomonic sayings, collections of, 246

Solomonic ware, 186.
See also
pottery

Song of Deborah, 28, 92–93, 107, 109–10, 125, 134, 149, 159

Song of the Sea, 159–59

Sophronius, 443

source criticism.
See
literary criticism

Spartans, 335

Stager, Lawrence E., 90–131, 164, 240–41

Stark, Robert, 419

state

definition of, 166–68

formation of, in ancient Israel, 178–83

pristine, 168

secondary, 168

as system, 178

Stern, Ephraim, 275, 316

Stern, M., 387, 419

Stiebing, William H., 89

stone tools, 10, 14

storm-god, 159

Strange, James F., 445

Suetonius, 394, 395, 396, 399, 401, 402, 404, 405–06, 408, 410, 411, 419

Lives of the Caesars,
394

Sukkot.
See
Booths, festival of

Sumer, 8, 9, 31

and Akkad, 31

culture of, 447

Gilgamesh epic of, 20–21

invention of writing in, 18–19

role of kings at, 17

Sumerian King List,
17, 21, 22

Sumu-epuh, 39

Sumur, 37, 43

Sumu-yamam, 39

sun-god, 18

Suppiluliumas (king), 43, 45, 49–50, 84

Susanna, 341

synagogue, 312

term, 312, 359

synagogues, 384

activity in, 359–60

archaeology and, 439

art and architecture, 439

in late antiquity, 438–39

Pharisees and, 359

synchronic interpretation, and Exodus narrative, 62

Syria, 9

northern, during Late Bronze Age, 42

northern, during Middle Bronze Age, 34

Syrian Desert, 5, 6, 9

Syria-Palestine, 29–33

Amarna letters and, 84

archaeology and, 86

divisions of, in Late Bronze Age, 48, 80–84

history of, 26

Taanach, 99, 127, 167

tabernacle, Moses and, 60

Tacitus, 394, 402, 403

Annales,
394, 402, 403

Tadmor, Hayim, 275

Taharqa (Tirhakah), 253

Tahshi, 43

Tale of Sinuhe, 108

Talmud, Babylonian, 372, 440

Talmud, Palestinian, 438, 440

Tamar (city), 189

Tappuah (Tell Sheikh Abu Zarad), 98

Tappy, Ron E., 219, 241

Targum of Job, 368

targums, 368

Tattenai, 299

Tawilan, 110

taxation

under Herod, 356

in Ptolemaic period, 319

and Romans, 355, 361, 363

and Samaria ostraca, 112

and Seleucids, 327

and Solomon, 196

tax collectors, 363–64

tax farming, 320

Tcherikover, Avigdor, 351

Teacher of Righteousness, 345, 367

tefillin. See
phylacteries

tel. See tell

Tel Dan, 97, 125

inscription, 175, 225, 229, 240

and priests, 213

sanctuary at, 213

Teleilat Ghassul, 15

Tel Erani, 18

Tel Haror, 121

Tel Kadesh-barnea, 67, 69

tell
(Hebrew
tel),
13

archaeology and, 13

Tell Abu Hawam, 127

Tell Abu Qudeis (Kedesh), 99

Tell ‘Aitun (Eglon), 98

Tell Arad, 18

Tell Asmar (Eshnunna), 34, 35

Tell Beidar, 31

Tell Beit Mirsim, 114

Tell Brak, 34, 37

Tell ed-Dab’a (ancient Avaris), 37, 42, 68, 80, 85

Tell el-Amarna, 9

Tell el-Farah (N).
See
Tirzah

Tell el-Ful, 190, 287, 305

Tellel-Hesi, 13, 114, 288

Tell el-Kheleifeh, 226

Tell el-Maskhuta, 68, 80, 280, 289

Tell el-Muhaffer (Hepher), 98

Tell el-Mutesellim.
See
Megiddo

Tell el-Qudeirat, 67, 69

Tell en-Nasbeh (Mizpah), 287, 305

Tell er-Rabud (Debir), 98

Tell er-Ras, 315

Tell er-Rimah, 34, 37, 38

stela, 231

Tell esh-Shariah, 114, 121

Tell es-Sultan.
See
Jericho

Tell Hamoukar, 31

Tell Jemmeh, 114, 287

Tell Leilan, 31, 34, 36, 37

Tell Mardikh (Ebla), 31–32.
See also
Ebla

Tell Mozan, 31, 37

Tell Nebi Mend, 81

Tell Qasile, 125, 127, 167, 208

Tell Retabah, 65

Tell Sheikh Abu Zarad (Tappuah), 98

Tell Shemshara (Shusharra), 34, 37, 38

Tell Taya, 31

Tel Masos 106, 110, 184

Tel Mor, 120

Tema(n), 106, 108, 263, 280

Temple, Jerusalem

animal sacrifice and, 359

Antiochus IV and, 327

building of, 198

Caligula and, 377

centrality of, in Persian period, 276

cleansing of, 341

destruction of, 279, 383–85, 405

First, 296

Herodian, 295, 358–60

Pharisees and, 359

Sadducees and, 359

Jesus and, 359, 369–70

meaning of, 198

restoration movement, 294

restoration of, 281, 285, 286, 292, 299

Romans and, 353

Sadducees and, 344, 359

Samaritans and, 346, 362

Second, 296

Seleucids and, 324–26

Solomon

artistic and architectural features of, 199

description of, in 1 Kings 199

taxation of, by Persians, 297

worship of Zeus Olympius at, 329

Temple Mount, 191, 245, 287

capture of, by Romans, 340

Umar and, 443

Temple Scroll, 359, 384

Ten Commandments, 113

ark of the covenant and, 156–58

in Deuteronomy, 60

Exodus theophany and, 60, 106

Terqa, 34, 37

Tertullian, 431, 437

Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 368

textual criticism, and Exodus narrative, 61

Tewosret (Egyptian queen), 75, 85

Thebes, 83, 91, 263

Theodosius I, 427, 436, 441, 452

Theodosius II, 427

Theogony of Dunnu,
20

theophany, at Sinai, 60, 106

Therapeutae, 376

Therapeutrides, 376

Third Isaiah, 300–03.
See also
Isaiah

throne, 213

as sign of Yahweh, 198

Thutmose I, 43, 81, 82

Thutmose III, 44, 66, 75, 81–82, 86, 448

Thutmose IV, 44, 76, 82

Tiamat (Babylonian goddess), 8

Tiberias, 354, 362, 400

Tiberius, 362, 369, 394–96, 403, 452

Tiberius Julius Alexander, 376, 378, 383

Tiglath-pileser I, 154, 176, 448

Tiglath-pileser III, 236–38, 242–43, 449

palace of, 244

Tigris River, 8, 9

Timna (Midian), 106, 110

Timnah (Tel Batash), 123, 125, 127, 251

Tirhakah (Taharqa), 253

Tirzah (Tell el-Farah;[N]), 99, 106, 110, 119–20, 167, 208

archaeology and, 220, 239

as capital of Jeroboam, 217

Titus (son of Vespasian), 383–84, 405–06, 407–09, 415, 421, 452

Titus Flavius Vespasianus.
See
Vespasian

Tjeker, 46, 86, 152.
See also
Sea Peoples; Sikils

Tjeku, 74

Tobiads, 291

Josephus and, 319

Tobiah, 291, 310

Tobit, 311

Tobit, book of, 322

tombs

bench, 186–87

cave, 186–87
See also
burial

tôrâ (Torah), 260, 276, 307, 366

Torah, 260

oral, 366, 440

written, 366, 440

Tower of Babel, 17, 22

trade

Arabian, 108–09

in Assyrian period, 254

camels and, 109

depiction of, in art, 73

Egyptian, 41, 73, 82, 86

in Iron Age, 182–83, 189–90

in Late Bronze Age, 153–54

in Persian period, 278

Philistines and, 122–23

routes for, 189–90

in Divided Monarchy, 207

in Solomonic period, 185

tolls and, in Roman times, 363

tradition criticism.
See
redaction criticism