The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (128 page)

114.
Cited in Schaller,
American Occupation of Japan
, p. 232; see also Smith,
The Pattern of Imperialism
, pp. 193–94. American policy in the region is well covered in W. W. Stueck,
The Road to Confrontation
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1981); R. M. Blum,
Drawing the Line: The Origin of American Containment Policy in East Asia
(New York, 1982); B. Cumings,
The Origins of the Korean War
(Princeton, N.J., 1981); N. Yonosuke and A. Iriye (eds.),
The Origins of the Cold War in Asia
(New York, 1977). See also R. Dingman, “Strategic Planning and the Policy Process: American Plans for War in East Asia, 1945–50,”
Naval War College Review
, vol. 32, no. 6 (1979), pp. 4–21.

115.
There is a succinct account of the Korean War in Millett and Maslowski,
For the Common Defense
, pp. 484ff; and much more detail in D. Rees,
Korea: The Limited War
(New York, 1966); F. H. Heller, (ed.),
The Korean War: A 25-Year Perspective
(Kansas, 1977); as well as the U. S. official histories.

116.
N. A. Graebner,
America as a World Power
(Wilmington, Del., 1984), ch. 7, “Global Containment: The Truman Years”; Tucker,
Patterns in the Dust
, passim; D. Borg and W. Heinrichs (eds.),
Uncertain Years: Chinese-American Relations, 1947–50
(New York, 1980), passim; Schaller,
American Occupation of Japan
, chs. 11–15; E. M. Irving,
The First Indochina War: French and American Policy, 1945–1954
(London, 1975).

117.
For the stiffer mood, see Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment
, chs. 5–6. See also the thoughtful piece by R. Jervis, “The Impact of the Korean War on the Cold War,”
Journal of Conflict Resolution
, vol. 24, no. 4 (December 1980), pp. 563–92.

118.
“Correlates of War” print-out data.

119.
See also the chart in R. W. DeGrasse,
Military Expansion, Economic Decline
(Armonk, NY, 1983), p. 119.

120.
Holloway,
Soviet Union and the Arms Race
, pp. 43, 115ff. It is, of course, impossible to obtain reliable Soviet spending figures, and the “explicit” defense-expenditure share of the budget is much too low; see F. D. Holzman,
Financial Checks on Soviet Defense Expenditures
(Lexington, Mass., 1975), passim.

121.
Cited in Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment
, p. 100. See also S. F. Wells, “Sounding the Tocsin: NSC-68 and the Soviet Threat,”
International Security
, vol. 4 (Fall 1979), pp. 116–38, and Paul Nitze’s reply, “The Development of NSC-68,”
International Security
, Spring 1980, pp. 159–69; Paul Y. Hammond, “NSC-68: Prologue to Rearmament,” in W. R. Schilling et al.,
Strategy, Politics, and Defense Budgets
(New York, 1962), pp. 267–378.

122.
See Bartlett,
Global Conflict
, pp. 303ff; and the details on NATO’s build-up in Ismay,
NATO
, passim; T. P. Ireland,
Creating the Entangling Alliance
(London, 1981); and Kaplan,
United States and NATO
, pp. 143ff.

123.
Mackintosh,
Juggernaut
, pp. 292ff; the various essays in Liddell Hart (ed.),
Red Army
, pt. 2; Wolfe,
Soviet Power and Europe
, passim; A. Lee,
The Soviet Air Force
(London, 1961); R. Kilmarx,
A History of Soviet Air Power
(London, 1962).

124.
Reynolds,
Command of the Sea
, pp. 530–43; Kennedy,
Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, ch
. 11.

125.
Reynolds,
Command of the Sea
, pp. 545ff; Hagan (ed.),
In Peace and War: Interpretations of American Naval History 1775–1978
, chs. 15–16; Potter (ed.),
Sea Power
, chs. 31–32; J. Woods (pseud.), “The Royal Navy Since World War II,”
U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings
, vol. 108, no. 3 (March 1982), pp. 82ff.

126.
Mitchell,
History of Russian and Soviet Sea Power
, chs. 21–22, covers the post-1945 buildup. See also N. Polmar,
Soviet Naval Developments, 1982
(4th edn., Annapolis, Md., 1981), pp. 3–13; R. W. Herrick,
Soviet Naval Strategy
(Annapolis, Md., 1968); L. L. Whetton, “The Mediterranean Threat,”
Survival
, no. 8 (August 1980), pp. 252–58; G. Jukes, “The Indian Ocean in Soviet Naval Policy,”
Adelphi Papers
, no. 87 (May 1972). Very important in this connection are the works of M. MccGwire,
Soviet Naval Developments
(New York, 1973),
Soviet Naval Policy
(New York, 1975), and
Soviet Naval Influence
(New York, 1977), summarized in idem, “The Rationale for the Development of Soviet Seapower,” in J. Baylis and G. Segal (eds.),
Soviet Strategy
(London, 1981), pp. 210ff.

127.
On which see G. Herken,
The Winning Weapon: The Atomic Bomb in the Cold War 1945–1950
(New York, 1980); Freedman,
Evolution of Nuclear Strategy
, pp. 38ff; but see also H. R. Borowski,
A Hollow Threat: Strategic Air Power and Containment before Korea
(Westport, Conn., 1982). For implications and comparisons, M. Mandelbaum,
The Nuclear Revolution: International Politics Before and After Hiroshima
(New York, 1981).

128.
Prados,
Soviet Estimate, ch
. 4, is best here.

129.
Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment
, chs. 4–5, gives the overall context. See also D. A. Rosenberg, “American Atomic Strategy and the Hydrogen Bomb Decision,”
Journal of American History
, vol. 66 (June 1979), pp. 62–87; idem, ‘ “A Smoking Radiating Ruin at the End of Two Hours’: Documents on American Plans for Nuclear War with the Soviet Union, 1954–55,”
International Security
, vol. 6, no. 3 (Winter 1981–82), pp. 3–38; Freedman,
Evolution of Nuclear Strategy, ch
. 6; Weigley,
The American Way of War, ch
. 17.

130.
Prados,
Soviet Estimate
, chs. 5–8; also E. Bottome,
The Missile Gap
(Rutherford, N.J., 1971), passim.

131.
Freedman,
Evolution of Nuclear Strategy
, pp. 175ff; Friedberg, “A History of the U.S. Strategic ‘Doctrine,’ 1945 to 1980,” pp. 41ff. Also very useful is John Gaddis, “The Origins of Self-Deterrence: The United States and the Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons, 1945–1958” (ms.). The strategic thinkers are discussed in G. Herken,
Counsels of War
(New York, 1985), and F. Kaplan,
The Wizards of Armageddon
(New York, 1983).

132.
R. V. Daniels,
Russia, The Roots of Confrontation
(Cambridge, Mass., 1985), p. 234; McCauley,
The Soviet Union Since 1917
, pp. 155ff; Ulam,
Expansion and Coexistence
, chs. 9–10.

133.
Steele,
Pax Americana
, p. 9; and, in more detail, R. E. Osgood,
NATO: The Entangling Alliance
(Chicago, 111., 1962), passim; DePorte,
Europe Between the Superpowers
, pp. 115ff; Kaplan,
United States and NATO
.

134.
Steele,
Pax Americana
, p. 134. See also R. Aron,
The Imperial Republic
(London, 1975); D. Horowitz,
The Free World Colossus
(New York, 1971 edn.); Schulzinger,
American Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century
, chs. 11–12.

135.
Keylor,
Twentieth-Century World
, p. 375; J. L. Gaddis, “The Strategic Perspective: The Rise and Fall of the ‘Defensive Perimeter’ Concept,” in Borg and Heinrichs (eds.),
Uncertain Years
, pp. 61–118; and—with some very good quotations—Schaller,
The American Occupation of Japan
, pp. 279ff.

136.
Quoted in Woodruff,
Americas Impact on the World
, p. 65.

137.
Ulam,
Expansion and Coexistence
, pp. 539ff; McCauley,
Soviet Union Since 1917
, pp. 198ff; Daniels,
Russia: The Roots of Confrontation
, pp. 333ff.

138.
The literature on this topic is now overwhelming. Among the more important studies are G. Jukes,
The Soviet Union in Asia
(Berkeley, Calif., 1973); H. D. Cohn,
Soviet Policy Toward Black Africa
(New York, 1972); R. H. Donaldson,
Soviet Policy Toward India
(Cambridge, Mass., 1974); R. Kanet (ed.),
The Soviet
Union and the Developing Nations
(Baltimore, Md., 1974); E. Taborsky,
Communist Penetration of the Third World
(New York, 1963).

139.
P. Lyon, “The Emergence of the Third World,” in H. Bull and A. Watson (eds.),
The Expansion of International Society
(Oxford, 1984), pp. 229ff, as well as the other essays in sec. 3; Barraclough,
Introduction to Contemporary History, ch
. 6; R. Emerson,
From Empire to Nation: The Rise to Self-Assertion of Asian and African Peoples
(Cambridge, Mass., 1962), passim.

140.
Lyon, “Emergence of the Third World,” in Bull and Watson (eds.),
Expansion of International Society
, p. 229; idem,
Neutralism
(Leicester, 1963); G. H. Jansen,
Afro-Asia and Non-Alignment
(London, 1966).

141.
Apart from the works in note 139 above, see also L. S. Stavrianos,
Global Rift: The Third World Comes of Age
(New York, 1981); R. A. Mortimer,
The Third World Coalition in International Politics
(New York, 1980); R. L. Rothstein,
The Weak in the World of the Strong: The Developing Countries in the International System
(New York, 1977); idem,
The Third World and U.S. Foreign Policy
(Boulder, Colo., 1981).

142.
Balfour,
Adversaries
, pp. 157ff; Ulam,
Expansion and Coexistence
, pp. 46Iff; D. Rusinov,
The Yugoslav Experiment, 1948–1974
(London, 1977); Lyon, “Emergence of the Third World,” passim.

143.
McCauley,
Soviet Union Since 1917
, p. 204. More generally, see the references in note 138 above, and R. C. Horn,
The Soviet Union and India: The Limits of Influence
(New York, 1981); R. H. Donaldson (ed.),
The Soviet Union in the Third World: Successes and Failures
(Boulder, Colo., 1981); M. H. Haykal,
The Sphinx and the Commissar: The Rise and Fall of Soviet Influence in the Middle East
(London, 1978); K. Dawisha,
Soviet Foreign Policy Towards Egypt
(London, 1979), passim.

144.
McCauley,
Soviet Union Since 1917
, p. 210; Donaldson (ed.),
Soviet Union in the Third World: Successes and Failures
, passim; A. Dawisha and K. Dawisha (eds.),
The Soviet Union in the Middle East
(New York, 1982).

145.
“Correlates of War” print-out data, which is more reliable than
Military Balance
(see following note) figures for the early 1970s.

146.
The Military Balance 1974–75
(London, 1974), pp. 7, 10; cf. pp. 19, 22.

147.
H. Pemsel,
Atlas of Naval Warfare
(London, 1977), p. 159.

148.
Military Balance 1974–75
, pp. 75–77; for China, pp. 48–49.

149.
See the references in note 126 above.

150.
For Soviet-American relations in the 1970s, see Keylor,
Twentieth-Century World
, pp. 364ff, 405ff; Schulzinger,
American Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century
, pp. 299ff; S. Hoffman,
Primacy or World Order
(New York, 1978), passim; Lawson,
Soviet-American Rivalry
, passim; McCauley,
Soviet Union Since 1917
, pp. 238ff; Daniels,
Russia: The Roots of Confrontation
, pp. 32Iff, and the full bibliography on pp. 394–96. Above all, there is now R. L. Garthoff,
Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan
(Washington, D.C., 1985), with enormous detail.

151.
Keylor,
Twentieth-Century World
, p. 371.

152.
For what follows see R. C. Thornton,
The Bear and the Dragon
(New York, 1972); R. C. North,
Moscow and the Chinese Communists
(Stanford, Calif. 1953); R. R. Simmons,
The Strained Alliance
(New York, 1975); G. Ginsburgs and C. F. Pinkele,
The Sino-Soviet Territorial Dispute, 1949–64
(New York, 1978); D. Floyd,
Mao Against Khrushchev
(New York, 1964); A. D. Low,
The Sino-Soviet Dispute
(Rutherford, N.J., 1976); and a good brief summary in Bartlett,
Global Conflict
, pp. 325ff.