The Transformation of the World (251 page)

education and literacy in,
796
,
801

France and,
88
–
89
,
112
,
113
,
130
,
179
,
369
–
70
,
373
–
74
,
400
,
425
,
431
,
437
–
40
,
462
,
464
,
775
,
782
–
93

Islam and,
439

Ottoman control of,
360

and piracy,
96
,
282

population of,
119
,
124
,
126
,
439

Spanish interest in,
130

war in,
124
,
125
,
126
,
328
,
439
,
445

Algiers,
60
,
282
,
437

alienation,
72
,
461
,
706

Ali Pasha Mubarak,
292
,
627

Allahabad,
796

Alps,
96
–
97
,
148
,
376

Amazon,
5
–
6
,
349
,
350
,
370
,
382
,
856

American Civil War,
55
,
105
,
491
,
537
,
845
–
47
,
871

American Indians,
60
,
132
,
333
–
37
,
363
,
486
,
684
,
787
,
834
,
896

agriculture and,
334

of California,
125
,
333
–
34
,
336
,
345

civilizing missions and,
341
–
45
,
835

cultural diversity among,
334

disease epidemics and,
181

diversity of nations among,
334

enslavement of,
131

ethnic cleansing and,
342
–
43

horse culture of,
334
–
36
,
340

Indian Wars and,
332
,
334
,
339
–
44
,
350
,
449
–
50
,
487
,
835

massacres of,
341

population disaster after European contact,
333
–
34

reservation system and,
336
,
344
–
45
,
353

of South America (
See
South American Indians
)

trade and,
335
–
36

US policy and,
334
–
35

as wards of the state,
341
–
42

Americanization,
34
,
234
,
314
,
791

American War of Independence,
60
,
394
,
399
–
400
,
514
,
521
–
24
,
523
–
24
,
540
,
542

Amino Yoshihiko,
277

Amoy,
92
,
162
,
290

Amoy (Xiamen),
92
,
162
,
290

Amsterdam,
196
,
261
–
62
,
263
,
268
,
276
,
289
,
301
–
2
,
390
,
694
–
95
,
712
,
736
–
37

Amundsen, Roald,
79

Amur River,
146
,
420
,
474

anarchism,
85
,
133
–
34
,
506
,
558
,
578
,
593
–
94
,
604
,
630

Andalusia,
704

Andes,
98
,
376

Anglo-Russian Convention,
457
,
472

Angola,
131
,
136
,
151
–
52
,
205
,
369
,
401
,
418
,
538

Angostura,
543

Anhui,
120
,
549

animals

big game hunting,
348
,
382
–
86

as energy source,
100
–
101
,
213
–
14
,
302
–
5
,
335
,
653
–
54
,
689
,
712

livestock breeding,
148
–
49
,
215
,
229
–
30
,
347
–
49
,
350
,
356
,
382

Annam, Vietnam,
420
,
440

Antarctica,
79
,
376

anthropology,
464

anticolonialism,
47
,
65
–
66
,
139
,
295
,
405
,
406
,
407
,
521

Antigua,
840

antiracism,
915

anti-Semitism,
143
–
44
,
368
–
69
,
856
,
868
–
71
,
872
,
915

Anti-Socialist Law, German,
137

Antwerp,
15
,
257
,
275
,
302
,
737

Apache nation,
334
,
339
,
340
,
343

Appalachia,
267

Arabian peninsula,
574

Arabia or Arabian Peninsula,
85

Islam in,
446
,
879
,
894
–
95
,
900

nomadism in,
356
–
57

oil production in,
657
,
740

as part of Ottoman Empire,
94
,
466
,
574
,
617

Wahhabism in,
446
,
895

archaeology,
46
–
47
,
83

appropriation of artifacts,
313
–
14

colonialism and,
819

as discipline,
817
–
18

museums and acquisition of artifacts,
13
,
817
–
18

photography and,
40

religion and,
367

architecture

city planning and,
312
–
13

cityscapes,
7

exoticism and,
312
–
13

opera houses,
6

photography and,
40

skyscrapers,
243
,
246

symbolic nature of,
10
,
14
–
15

synthesis of cultural styles,
319

archives,
8
–
9

Arctic,
366
,
382
,
386
–
87

Arendt, Hannah,
515
,
523
,
919

Argentina,
205
,
301

agricultural productivity in,
212
,
215
,
229
,
372

cattle ranching in,
205
,
229
,
230
,
347
–
48

economic development in,
229

frontier in,
330
–
31
,
347
–
49
,
354

Indians of,
348
–
49

migration to,
100
,
118
,
156
–
57

per Capita GDP in,
169

population growth in,
123

revolution in,
359
,
407
,
535

Rosas dictatorship in,
354
,
359
,
576
–
77

War of the Triple Alliance,
476
–
77

aristocracies

as colonial collaborators,
368
,
755
,
760

decline of,
750
–
60
,
777

ennoblement of lower classes,
752

European,
750
–
56

hereditary social status and,
611

of India,
754
–
56

landownership and,
705
,
751
,
754
–
56
,
760

language and,
463

military service and,
484

as nationalized rather than international in focus,
751

in Russia,
752

samurai
in Japan,
618
,
665
,
748
,
756
–
59
,
771
,
773
,
792

state building and,
760

taxation or tribute to,
221
–
22

wealth and,
218
–
21
,
644
,
647

Arizona,
105
,
477

Arkansas,
343

Arkansas River,
335

Armenia,
109
,
138
,
903

Arndt, Ernst Moritz,
703

Arnim, Achim von,
780

Arnold, Matthew,
903

Arrow War (Second Opium War),
400
,
547
,
784
,
818

art,
276
,
811
–
13

appropriation of,
885

avant-gardé and,
777

cultural transference and,
914

modernity and aesthetic innovation,
905

persistence of high culture,
5
–
7

Ashanti,
497

Asia

European migration to,
129

labor migration and,
157
–
59

life expectancy in,
171

literacy as cultural value in,
792
–
95

mapping of Central,
79

migration to Africa,
154

per Capita GDP in,
169

population of,
117
–
18
,
121
,
123

social status systems in,
748

urbanization and,
250
–
54

western knowledge of,
80

western stereotypes of,
121
–
22

See also
Central Asia
;
East Asia
;
Southeast Asia

Aspen, Colorado,
267

aspirin,
183

Astor, John Jacob,
385

Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal,
142
,
237
,
472
,
568
,
570
,
882

atheism,
877
–
78

Athens,
241
,
243
,
258

Atjeh (Aceh) war,
442
–
43
,
488

Atlanta,
233

Atlantic Ocean, as space of interaction,
99
–
100
,
522
–
43
,
537
–
43

Atlantic slave trade,
61
,
130
–
31
,
150
,
841
,
857

Auber, Daniel-François-Esprit,
408

Aung-Thwin, Michael,
68

Aurangzeb, Mongol Emperor,
447
,
879

Austen, Jane,
19

Australia,
54
–
55
,
99
,
165
,
740
,
774
,
800
,
906

as British dominion,
419
,
439

exploration and mapping of,
79

governance of,
599

indigenous peoples of,
125

literature in,
20

as penal colony,
135
–
36
,
547

per Capita GDP in,
169

population of,
118
,
252

suffrage in,
507

urbanization of,
258
–
59

Austria-Hungary,
215
,
269
,
399
,
514
,
577
,
586
,
627
,
657
,
658
,
688
,
716
–
17

See also
Habsburg Empire

Austro-Prussian War,
410
–
11
,
416
–
17
,
421
,
470
,
491
,
557

authenticity,
39
–
40

authoritarianism,
905

autocracy,
61
,
576

automobiles,
64
,
304
,
306
–
7
,
320
,
653
,
777

autonomy, gradual evolution toward,
412
–
14

Ayudhya,
276

“backwardness,”
311
–
12
,
431
,
625
–
29
,
663
–
64