The Transformation of the World (254 page)

disease epidemics in,
185
–
87

indigenous peoples of,
148
,
363
–
64
,
367
–
68
,
622
,
748

religion in,
726
,
894
,
898
–
99

Tsarist Empire and expansion into,
103
,
108
,
111
,
363
–
64

use of term,
82
–
83

See also
specific countries in

Central Europe,
102

Cetchwayo KaMpande, King of the Zulu,
350

Ceylon (Sri Lanka)

agriculture in,
147
,
724
,
769

big game hunting in,
384

British in,
54
,
452
,
463
,
547
,
599
,
748
,
783
,
887
,
892

Buddhism in,
887
,
892
,
900

disease in,
126
,
182
,
190

as part of Muslim world,
98
–
99

Cézanne, Paul,
48
,
65
,
95

Chadwick, Owen,
884

Chamberlain, Houston Stewart,
696
,
860

Chamberlain, Joseph,
428
,
632

Champollion, Jean-François,
313
,
817

Chandler, Tertius,
252

Chaplin, Charlie,
226

charitable relief,
208
,
500
,
741

Charles II, King of England,
444

Charles (Carlos) III, King of Spain,
26
,
448
,
533
–
34
,
539
,
625

Charles X, King of France,
139
,
844

Charleston,
275
–
76

Chartist movement,
541
,
546
–
47

Chase, Owen,
388

Chateaubriand, François Réne de,
139

Chatrian, Alexander (Erckman-Chatrian with Émile Erckmann),
491

Chaudhuri, K. N.,
97

Chayanov, Alexander,
676

Chechens,
140
,
361
,
617
–
18

Chekhov, Anton,
179
,
754

Chengde,
296

Cherokee nation,
342
–
43
,
346
,
791
–
92

Cheyenne nation,
340
,
341
,
345

Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi),
570

Chicago,
15
,
243
,
258
,
260

children,
240
,
385
,
551

child mortality and life expectancy,
127

famine and vulnerability of,
201
–
2

as labor,
151
,
241
,
475
,
687
–
88
,
689
,
843
,
998n50

Chile,
6
,
20
,
658

China,
26
,
169
,
247
,
605
,
627
–
28
,
730
,
906

agriculture in,
145
–
46
,
208
–
9
,
212
,
214
–
16
,
226
–
27
,
369
,
676
–
77
,
679
,
680

anti-imperialism in,
503
–
4

appropriation of antiquities from,
13
,
818

bureaucracy in,
8
,
117
,
425
,
497
,
583
–
84
,
605
–
11
,
613
,
614
,
615
,
625
,
758

cities and urbanization in,
243
,
245
,
247
,
251
–
54
,
256
,
260
–
61
,
266
–
67
,
297
,
300
,
315
,
320
(
See also
specific
)

communications technology in,
72

Confucian tradition in,
48
,
664
,
773
,
875

currency in,
440
,
730
–
33
,
735

decline during nineteenth century,
4

democracy in,
569
–
70
,
601
,
604
,
914
,
916

demographics,
109
,
376

censuses,
26
,
27
,
117

“coolie” trade and labor migration,
98
,
159
,
160
–
64
,
550
–
51
,
690
,
701
,
782

GDP,
169

life expectancy in,
171
–
72

population of,
117
–
18
,
120
–
24
,
251
–
54

disease outbreaks,
180
,
186
–
89
,
190
–
91

education and literacy in (
See under
knowledge
under this heading
)

famine in,
201
,
206
–
11

as Far East/East Asia,
83
–
84

frontiers of,
111
–
12
,
134
–
35
,
329
,
358
,
359
–
60
,
364
,
457
,
474
,
864

hydraulic engineering,
200
–
201

imperial court in,
593
,
758

industrialization in,
67
,
280
,
639
–
40
,
643
,
646
,
650
–
51
,
660
–
64
,
687
,
688

international relations,
481
–
82

diplomacy and,
496
–
97
,
499

with Great Powers,
63
,
84
,
210
,
271
,
401
,
495
,
498
,
509
–
10
,
610
–
11
,
758

with Japan,
34
,
63
,
84
,
216
,
420
,
480
–
82
,
661
,
759
,
864
,
915

with Korea,
84

military power and,
60
,
120
,
483
,
486
,
492
–
93
,
509
,
794

Opium Wars and,
33
,
60
,
92
,
160
–
62
,
210
,
227
,
300
,
400
,
433
,
462
,
465
,
547
,
731
,
784

with Tsarist Empire,
92
,
111
–
12
,
359
,
474
,
481

justice or law enforcement in,
134
–
35
,
606
,
620
,
632

knowledge, transfer or production of,
8
–
11
,
92
–
93
,
784

education in,
17
,
792
–
95
,
797
–
99
,
802
–
3

geography,
23
–
24
,
79

history as discipline in,
46
,
51
–
52

institutions and,
10
–
11
,
13

Jesuits and,
24
,
184
,
784
,
785
,
803
,
809
–
10
,
816
,
889

language as barrier to,
784
,
801
,
816

literature,
4
,
16
,
20
–
21

missionaries and,
810

newspapers in,
33
–
34
,
38
,
65

and science as concept,
808
–
11

and western travelers to,
20
–
21
,
24
,
25
,
40
,
80
,
228

labor migration from (
See
demographics
under this heading
)

Marxism in,
25
,
52
,
554
–
55
,
759
,
794
–
95
,
875
,
886
–
87

medicine and public health in,
180
,
187
,
189

modernization of,
4
,
254

monarchy in,
583
–
84
,
588
(
See also
specific dynasties;
specific monarchs
)

music in,
5
,
812

nationalism in,
504
,
553
,
658

natural disasters in,
200
–
201

periodization of time,
49
,
51
–
52

property ownership in,
290

racial theories and prejudice in,
856
,
863
–
65

railroads in,
716
–
18

rebellion or revolution in,
516
,
521
–
22
,
532
,
571
,
773
,
800
,
889

Boxer (Yihetuan) Rebellion,
3
,
21
,
42
,
63
,
248
,
299
–
300
,
399
,
497
,
560
,
564
,
818
,
890

Nian rebels,
120
,
200
,
489
,
552

Taiping Revolution,
20
–
21
,
75
,
120
–
21
,
138
,
145
,
207
,
210
,
216
,
421
,
490
,
518
,
522
,
543
,
547
–
51
,
575
,
916

Xinhai revolution (1911),
556
–
70

reform efforts in,
627
–
28

regional identities within,
104

religion in,
33
,
73
,
120
,
470
,
558
,
875
–
76
,
879
,
886
–
87
,
889

missionaries and,
42
,
890
,
891
–
92
(
See also
Jesuits
under this heading
)

resistance to Westernization,
34
,
237
,
913

revolution in (
See
rebellion
under this heading
)

slavery in,
838

social classes in,
34
,
232
,
748
,
757
–
60
,
758
–
60
,
765
,
768
,
838

sociology in,
25

space as ordered in,
79
,
104
,
106

and state apparatus,
909
(
See also
bureaucracy
)

state apparatus in,
914

trade and commerce,
57
,
228
,
290
,
832
–
33

barriers to international,
727

Chinese merchants and,
725

concessions and international,
401
,
482

“consumer” society and,
233
–
34
,
649

“coolie” trade and labor migration from,
109
,
159
,
160
–
64
,
550
–
51
,
690
,
701
,
782

financial markets and debt,
64
,
440
,
458
,
665
,
724
,
738
–
39
,
742
–
43

“opening” of,
161
–
62
,
279
–
80

ports and overseas commerce,
276
,
279
,
290

silver-opium economy,
98
,
162
,
731
–
33

treaties and trade agreements,
290
,
455
,
481
–
82

transportation in,
716
–
18
,
724