26
. Sanders 1995, 98.
27
. Sanders 1995, 98.
28
. Hill 2007, 45.
29
. Conzelmann 1987.
30
. Gasque 2000, 249; Hanson 1968.
31
. Hanson 1968; Hirschfeld 1990; White 2001.
32
. White 2001.
33
. Baly 1957.
34
. Baly 1957; Bruce 1981.
35
. Bruce 1981, 82.
36
. Cadbury 1955, 41.
37
. Edwards 2005, 40–43.
38
. Bruce 1982; Cadbury 1955; Hemer 1990; White 2001.
39
. Meggitt 1998.
40
. Edwards 2005, 42.
41
. Cadbury 1955, 3.
42
. Eusebius,
Ecclesiastical History
8.2–4.
43
. Lieberman 1962, 203.
44
. Barnett 2005, 114.
45
. Tresmontant 1989, 4.
46
. Hurtado 2003.
47
. Stegemann and Stegemann 1999.
48
. Acts 9:31.
49
. Barnett 2005, 31.
50
. Crossan 1998, ix.
51
. Crossan 1998, 470.
52
. Nock 1938, 90.
53
. Hvalvik 2007, 182–83.
54
. Hvalvik 2007, 191.
55
. Stark 2004.
56
. Bauckham 2002.
57
. Bauckham 2006, 130.
58
. For a superb summary see Bauckham 1990.
59
. Quoted in Eusebius,
The Ecclesiastical History
2.1.
60
. Bauckham 2007b, 68.
61
. Tertullian,
Against Marcion
4.19.
62
. Origen,
Commentary on Matthew
10.18.
63
. Gambero 1991.
64
. Bauckham 2007b, 58.
65
. Schaff 1910, 247.
66
. Bauckham 2007b, 61.
67
. Bauckham 2007b, 65.
68
. Hurtado 1999.
69
. Parkes [1934] 1969; Seaver 1952; Williams 1935.
70
. Seaver 1952, 7.
71
. Jones 2006; Musurillo 1972.
72
. Jones 2006; Setzer 1994.
73
. Hultgren 1976.
74
. Bammel 1995; McKechnie 2001, 49.
75
. Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
20.9.1.
76
. Eusebius,
The Ecclesiastical History
3.5.2.
77
. Eusebius,
The Ecclesiastical History
3.5.3.
78
. Brandon’s (1951) claims that the retreat to Pella is mythical are unconvicing. See Pritz 1988.
79
. Bauckham 2007b, 79.
80
. Atiya 1968; Jenkins 2008; Moffett 1992.
81
. Luke refers to him as “the most excellent Theophilus,” which strongly suggests he was a high Roman official. Some suppose the dedication indicates that he supported Luke during his writing.
82
. Malherbe 2003, 47. Also Judge 1960a; 1960b.
83
. Judge 1960a; 1960b, 134; Malherbe 2003, 47.
84
. MacMullen 1997, 5.
85
. Koester 1982b, 110.
86
. Koester 1982b, 110.
87
. Lofland and Stark 1965.
88
. Kox, Meeus, and t’Hart 1991; Smilde 2005; Stark and Finke 2000.
89
. Meeks 1983, 75.
Chapter 4: Missions to the Jews and the Gentiles
1
. Kaufmann 1970, 7.
2
. Kaufmann 1970, 9.
3
. Tadmor 1976, 163–64.
4
. Kaufmann 1970, 14.
5
. This group made up the local Jewish community that eventually produced the remarkable Babylonian Talmud.
6
. Tadmor 1976, 168.
7
. Tcherikover [1959] 1999, 353.
8
. Finegan 1992, 325–26.
9
. Tcherikover [1959] 1999, 346.
10
. Roetzel 1985, 52.
11
. Grant 1986, 45, 104.
12
. Corrigan et al. 1998, 88.
13
. Frend 1984, 35.
14
. Tcherikover 1958, 81.
15
. Stark 2001, chap. 4.
16
. Tcherikover 1958, 81.
17
. Stark 1987; 1996a; Stark and Finke 2000.
18
. Leatham 1997; Stark 1996b; Stark and Finke 2000.
19
. For an excellent discussion see Hagner 2007.
20
. 2 Cor. 11:24–25.
21
. Nock 1938, 121.
22
. Frend 1984, 100.
23
. Meeks and Wilken 1978, 31.
24
. Leadbetter 2000, 1077.
25
. Rutgers 1992, 115.
26
. Baron 1952; Stow 1992.
27
. Botticini and Eckstein 2006.
28
. Meyers 1988, 73–74.
29
. Meyers 1988, 76.
30
. Weiss [1937] 1959, 2:670.
31
. Rutgers 1992, 118.
32
. Harnack 1904, 1:10–11.
33
. Josephus,
Jewish War
7.44
34
. Reynolds and Tannenbaum 1987; Zetterholm 2003.
35
. Stark 2006, table 4.7.
36
. Stark 2006, chap. 5.
37
. For an extended account of these matters see Stark 2001.
38
. Riley 1997, 39.
39
. Riley 1997.
40
. Tertullian,
Apology
21.15.
41
. In Benin 1993, 52.
42
. Bailey 1932, 270–71.
43
. Pelikan 2005.
44
. Stark 2006, table 5.8.
Chapter 5: Christianity and Privilege
1
. Engels [1894] 1964.
2
. Kautsky [1908] 1953.
3
. Goodenough [1931] 1970, 37.
4
. Troeltsch [1912] 1931, 1:331.
5
. Niebuhr 1929, 19.
6
. Glock 1964; Stark and Bainbridge 1987.
7
. Stark 2007a.
8
. Stark 2008.
9
. Judge 1960a; 1960b.
10
. Harnack 1905, 227.
11
. Ramsay 1893, 57.
12
. For a summary see Buchanan 1964.
13
. Frend 1984, 57.
14
. Bütz 2005, 53.
15
. Buchanan 1964, 203.
16
. Theissen and Merz 1998, 166.
17
. Buchanan 1964, 205.
18
. Trebilco 2004, 406.
19
. Buchanan 1964, 209.
20
. Meggitt 1998, 75–97.
21
. Nock 1938, 21.
22
. Nock 1938, 21.
23
. Quoted in Nock 1938, 21–22.
24
. Frend 1984, 93.
25
. Cloke 2000, 427.
26
. Judge 1960b, 8
27
. Malherbe 2003; Judge 1960a; 1960b.
28
. Judge 1960a, 130.
29
. Meeks 1983, 57.
30
. Green 1997, 44.
31
. Judge 2008, 142–43.
32
. Harnack 1905, 195–97.
33
. Theissen 1982.
34
. St. Ignatius,
To the Romans.
35
. Sordi 1986, 28.
36
.
The Letters of the Younger Pliny
10.96.
37
. Tertullian,
Apology
37.4.
38
. Tertullian,
To Scapula
4.1–4; 5.1–3.
39
. Le Blant 1880.
40
. Harnack 1905, 180.
41
. Salzman 2002, table 4.3.
42
. McKechnie, forthcoming.
43
. Deismann 1927, 466.
44
. Deismann 1927, 62.
45
. Deismann 1927, 247.
46
. Dibelius 1934, 1,9.
47
. See, for example, Latourette 1937, 75.
48
. Nock 1933b, 138.
49
. Gamble 1995, 33.
50
. Gamble 1995, 34.
51
. Malherbe 2003.
52
. Harris 1989.
53
. Bauckham 2006; Gamble 1995; Gerhardsson 2001; Millard 2000; Stanton 2004.