45
. Harl 1990, 7.
46
. Harl 1990.
47
. Lactantius,
Divine Institutes
5.23.
48
. Harl 1990, 27.
49
. Harl 1990, 14.
50
. MacMullen 1997; Trombley 1985.
51
. Quoted in Bradbury 1994, 133.
52
. Brown 1992, 23.
53
. Bradbury 1994, 133.
54
. Quoted in Brown 1995, 42.
55
. Brown 1995, 42.
56
. Bradbury 1994, 135–36.
57
. Brown 1998, 632.
58
. Brown 1998, 642.
59
. Gibbon [1776–1788] 1994, 3: 28.71, 77.
60
. Beugnot 1835; Bloch 1963.
61
. Stark 1996.
62
. Brown 1992, 136.
63
. For a summary see Brown 1992.
64
. MacMullen 1997, 159.
65
. Fletcher 1997, 236.
66
. Brøndsted 1965, 306.
67
.
Ecclesiastical History
1.30.
68
. Thomas 1971, 48.
69
. MacMullen 1997, 123–24.
70
. MacMullen 1997, 108.
71
. Quoted in MacMullen 1997, 115.
72
. Thomas 1971, 48.
73
. Wood 2008, 231.
74
. Delumeau 1977, 176.
75
. Seznec 1972, 3.
76
. Wood 2008, 230.
77
. Quoted in Strauss 1975, 63.
78
. Stark 2008; 2004.
79
. Quoted in Brown 1998, 634.
80
. Dodds 1965, 132.
81
. Brown 1998, 633.
Chapter 12: Islam and the Destruction of Eastern and North African Christianity
1
. Paul “used ‘the East’ and ‘Arabia’ as interchangeable terms” (Briggs 1913, 257).
2
. Atiya 1968; Jenkins 2008; Moffett 1992; Stark 2009.
3
. Löhr 2007, 40.
4
. Jenkins 2002, 17.
5
. My calculation based on Barrett 1982, 796.
6
. Jenkins 2002, 17.
7
. Jenkins 2008, 3.
8
. Noble 2008, 251.
9
. My calculation based on Barrett 1982, 796.
10
. Nicolle 2004, 25.
11
. Kister 1986; Rodinson 1980.
12
. Quoted in Karsh 2007, 4.
13
. Glubb [1963] 1995, 284.
14
. Abun-Nasr 1971.
15
. Brent and Fentress 1996.
16
. Brent and Fentress 1996.
17
. Ye’or 1996, 48.
18
. Becker 1926, 370.
19
. Hodgson 1974, 1:308
20
. Little 1976, 554.
21
. Lofland and Stark 1965; Stark and Finke 2000.
22
. Bulliet 1979a.
23
. Hodgson 1974, vol. 1.
24
. Hodgson 1974, 1:268.
25
. Payne [1959] 1995, 105.
26
. Hodgson 1974; Payne [1959] 1995.
27
. Quoted in Peters 1993, 90.
28
. Gil 1992, 470.
29
. Quoted in Gil 1992, 470.
30
. Little 1976.
31
. Little 1976, 563.
32
. Little 1976, 567.
33
. Quoted in Little 1976, 568.
34
. Browne [1933] 1967, 163.
35
. Quoted in Foltz 2000, 129.
36
. Browne [1933] 1967, 167.
37
. Browne [1933] 1967, 169.
38
. Browne [1933] 1967, 170.
39
. Browne [1933] 1967, 171.
40
. Jenkins 2008.
41
. Marozzi 2004, 264.
42
. Moffett 1992, 485.
43
. Jenkins 2008, 138.
44
. Jenkins 2008, 3.
Chapter 13: Europe Responds
1
. For full treatment of this topic see Stark 2009.
2
. Prawer 1972. Nowhere in the book does Prawer define colonialism and even he admits that the flow of wealth was from Europe into the kingdom of Jerusalem.
3
. Ekelund et al. 1996.
4
. Quotes from Madden 2002a.
5
. Curry 2002, 36.
6
.
New York Times,
June 20, 1999, 4.15.
7
. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, www.religioustolerance .org/chr_cru1.htm.
8
. Quoted in Richard 1999, 475.
9
. Quoted in Riley-Smith 2005, 298.
10
. Quoted in Richard 1999, 475.
11
. Riley-Smith 2003, 154.
12
.
The Decline and Fall,
6.58.
13
. France 1997; Mayer 1972.
14
. Mayer 1972, 22–25.
15
. Ekelund et al. 1996. This is one of the most inept and uninformed efforts at trying to apply economic principles by analogy that I have ever encountered.
16
. Quoted in Riley-Smith 2003, 159.
17
. Spielvogel 2000, 259.
18
. Armstrong [1991] 2001, xii.
19
. Including Alfred J. Andrea, Peter Edbury, Benjamin Z. Kedar, Thomas F. Madden, Edward M. Peters, Jean Richard, Jonathan Riley-Smith, and Christopher Tyerman.
20
. Runciman 1951, 1:49.
21
. Runciman 1951, 1:47.
22
. Runciman 1951, 1:79.
23
. Payne 1984, 18–19.
24
. Payne 1984, 28–29.
25
. Five major versions of the speech exist, each being incomplete, and there are several translations of each into English. I have selected excerpts from several versions.
26
. Carroll 2001, 241.
27
. Edbury 1999, 95.
28
. Edbury 1999; Read 1999.
29
. Edbury 1999, 95.
30
. Gillingham 1999, 59.
31
. Madden 1999, 12.
32
. Riley-Smith 1997.
33
. Riley-Smith 1997.
34
. Riley-Smith 1997, 49.
35
. Riley-Smith 1997, 29–30.
36
. Riley-Smith 1997, 28.
37
. Erdoes 1988, 26.
38
. Riley-Smith 1997, 28.
39
. Quoted in Riley-Smith 1997, 72.
40
. Hillenbrand 1999, 54.
41
. Hamilton 2000; LaMonte 1932; Prawer 1972; Riley-Smith 1973; Runciman 1951; Tyerman 2006.
42
. Quoted in Hillenbrand 1999, 77.
43
. Tyerman 2006, 178.
44
. Madden 1999, 49.
45
. Tyerman 2006, 179.
46
. Riley-Smith 1997, 17.
47
. Issawi 1957, 272.
48
. Phillips 1995, 112.
49
. Madden 2002a, 3.
50
. Kedar 1984.
51
. Kedar 1984.
52
. Runciman 1951, 3:480.
53
. Madden 2002b; Tyerman 2006, xv.
54
. Irwin 2006, 213.
55
. Tyerman 2006, 351.
56
. Siberry 1995, 368.
57
. Siberry 1995, 115.
58
. Quoted in Madden 1999, 78.
59
. Madden 1999, 181.
60
. Madden 1999, 181.
61
. Michaud 1999, 18.
62
. Madden 1999, 181–82.
63
. Armstrong [1991] 2001, 448.
64
. Quoted in Hillenbrand 1999, 230.
65
. Armstrong [1991] 2001, xiv.
66
. Riley-Smith 2003, 160–61.
67
. Peters 2004, 6.
68
. Hillenbrand 1999, 4–5.
69
. Quoted in Hillenbrand 1999, 45.
70
. There was no Arabic term for “Crusades.”
71
. Knobler 2006, 310.
72
. Knobler 2006, 310.
73
. Knobler 2006, 310.
74
. Lewis 2002, 3.
75
. Peters 2004; Riley-Smith 2003.
76
. Andrea 2003, 2.
77
. Quoted in Sivan 1973, 12.
78
. Knobler 2006, 320.
79
. Various Muslims quoted by Riley-Smith 2003, 162.
Chapter 14: The “Dark Ages” and Other Mythical Eras
1
. Fremantle 1954, ix.
2
. Mommsen 1942, 237.
3
.
Works
12.
4
. Quoted in Gay 1966.
5
. Gibbon [1776–1788] 1994, vol. 6, 71.
6
. Russell 1959, 142.
7
. Burckhardt [1860] 1990, 19; Stark 2005.
8
. Russell 1959, 232.
9
. Bouwsma 1979, 4.
10
. Hollister 1992, 7.
11
.
Wall Street Journal,
Dec. 28, 2009, A15.
12
. Harris [1977] 1991, 235.
13
. Jones 1987, xxiii–xxiv.
14
. Bridbury 1969, 533.
15
. Vogt 1974, 25. Despite his concern for the “masses,” Friedrich Engels took the same position; see Finley 1980, 12.