21
. Whitehead [1925] 1967, 12.
22
. Descartes,
Oeuvres
8.61.
23
. Quoted in Crosby 1997, 83.
24
. Whitehead [1925] 1967, 13.
25
. Needham 1954–1984, vol. 1, 581.
26
. Lindberg 1992, 54.
27
. Jaki 1986, 105.
28
. I have written extensively on this in Stark 2003, chap. 2.
29
. Quoted in Bradley 2001, 160.
30
. Quoted in Merton 1938, 447.
31
. Einstein,
Letters to Solovine,
131.
32
. Stark 2003, 160–63.
33
. White 1997, 158–62.
34
. Quoted in Finocchiaro 2009, 68.
35
. Quoted in Finocchiaro 2009, 68.
36
. Drake and O’Malley 1960.
37
. Brooke and Cantor 1998, 20.
38
. Brooke and Cantor 1998, 110.
39
.
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
. Published by University of California Press.
40
. Shea 1986, 132.
41
. Geisler and Nix 1986, 5.
42
. Coleman 1975, 296.
43
.
Confessions
12.
44
. Some have claimed that
Shaddai
means mountain, but most scholars regard the meaning of the word as unknown.
45
. This is the traditional Torah version. Also see Alter 2004, 339.
46
. Matt. 13:13; also Mark 4:11–12 and Luke 8:10.
47
. Quoted in Benin 1993, 11.
48
. Quoted in Benin 1993, 183.
49
. Calvin [ca. 1555] 1980, 52–53.
50
. Quoted in Benin 1993, 173–74.
51
. Quoted in Benin 1993, 195.
52
. Quoted in Benin 1993, 195.
53
. Stark 2003, 194.
Chapter 17: Two “Churches” and the Challenge of Heresy
1
. Fletcher 1997, 38.
2
. Johnson 1976.
3
. Cheetham 1983, 23.
4
. Eusebius,
Life of Constantine
4.54.2.
5
. Duffy 1997, 87.
6
. Cheetham 1983; Duffy 1997.
7
. Cheetham 1983; Duffy 1997.
8
. Duffy 1997, 87.
9
. Duffy 1997, 87.
10
. McBrien 2000, 157.
11
. Cheetham 1983; McBrien 2000.
12
. Cheetham 1983, 84.
13
. Pastor 1898.
14
. Smith [1759] 1982, 788–89.
15
. Lambert 1992; Matter 2008; Moore 1976; 1985; Russell 1965; 1971.
16
. Lambert 1992, 12.
17
. Lambert 1992, 25.
18
. Most of the religious orders had such high entry fees that only the rich could afford to join—the poor were admited only to servile positions.
19
. Stark 2004, 56.
20
. A fifth daughter died at age six.
21
. Cheetham 1983, 90.
22
. Cheetham 1983, 87.
23
. Costen 1997; Duffy 1997; McBrien 2000; Morris 1991.
24
. Moore 1994, 54.
25
. Moore 1985, 85.
26
. Lambert 1992, 50.
27
. Brooke 1971; Cheetham 1983; Costen 1997; Lambert 1998; 1992; Moore 1985; 1976; Russell 1965.
28
. Leff [1967] 1999, 47.
29
. Lambert 1998, 21.
30
. Barber 2000; Brooke 1971; Costen 1997; Lambert 1998; 1992; Moore 1985; Russell 1965.
31
. Costen 1997, 65.
32
. Lambert 1998, 21.
33
. Lambert 1992.
34
. Kaelber 1997, 113.
35
. Costen 1997, 70.
36
. Quoted in Costen 1997, 70.
37
. Johnson 1976, 252.
38
. Quoted in Sibly and Sibly 2003, 128.
39
. Brooke 1971; Costen 1997; Lambert 1998; 1992; Moore 1985; Russell 1965.
40
. Lambert 1992, 69.
41
. Quoted in Johnson 1976, 251.
42
. Lambert 1992, 69.
Chapter 18: Luther’s Reformation
1
. Moeller 1972.
2
. Luther [1520] 1915, 141.
3
. Stark 2003.
4
. Bainton 1995; Kittleson 1986; Marty 2004; McNally 1969; Oberman 1992; Schweibert 1950.
5
. Oberman 1992, 149.
6
. Oberman 1992, 149.
7
. Chadwick 1972, 42.
8
. Quoted in Oberman 1992, 188.
9
. Schwiebert 1950, 314.
10
. Eisenstein 1979.
11
. Luther [1520] 1915, 84.
12
. Luther [1520] 1915, 139.
13
. Rupp 1981, 192.
14
. Quoted in Strauss 1975, 32.
15
. Brady 1978; Durant 1957; Engels [1873] 1964; Grimm 1969; 1962; Ozment 1980; Swanson 1967; Tracy 1999; Weber [1904–1905] 1958; Wuthnow 1989.
16
. Becker 2000; Braudel 1977; Cohen 1980; Delacroix and Nielson 2001; Fischoff 1968; Hamilton 1996; Samuelsson [1957] 1993.
17
. Quoted in Grimm 1962, 5.
18
. Strauss 1975.
19
. Dickens 1974; Ozment 1975; Moeller 1972.
20
. Edwards 1994; Eisenstein 1979; Gilmont 1998.
21
. Grendler 2004; Schwiebert 1996.
22
. Grimm 1969; 1962; Ozment 1975; Moeller 1972.
23
. Hanneman 1975.
24
. Hale 1977; Hibbert [1974] 2003.
25
. Bainton [1952] 1985, 18.
26
. Durant 1957; Hayes 1917; Ozment 1975.
27
. Holborn 1942, 129.
28
. Holborn 1942, 130.
29
. Holborn 1942, 131.
30
. Cole 1984; Edwards 1994; Gilmont 1998; Holborn 1942.
31
. Kim and Pfaff, forthcoming.
32
. Holborn 1942, 134.
33
. Grendler 2004, 18.
34
. Schwiebert 1996, 471.
35
. Grendler 2004, 19.
36
. Brady 1985; Grimm 1962; Strauss 1988; 1978.
37
. Ozment 1980, 201.
38
. Moeller 1972.
39
. Rörig 1969.
40
. Stark 2003, 111.
41
. Chadwick 1972, 26.
42
. Bush 1967; Hill 1967; Latourette 1975.
43
. Latourette 1975, 735.
44
. Latourette 1975, 737.
45
. Roberts 1968.
46
. Johnson 1976, 267.
47
. Mullett 1999.
48
. Stark 2005.
Chapter 19: The Shocking Truth About the Spanish Inquisition
1
. Maltby 1971, 35.
2
. Peters 1989, 133–34.
3
. “Inquisition.” In
The
Columbia Encyclopedia,
6th ed. (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2001).
4
. Durant 1950, 784.
5
. Kirsch 2008, 3.
6
. Paris 1961, 4.
7
. Roth [1964] 1996; Rummel 2008.
8
. Whitechapel 2002.
9
. Robertson 1902, 290.
10
. Hunt 1994, 79.
11
. Rawlings 2006, 1.
12
. Quoted in Keen 1969, 708.
13
. Peters 1989, 134.
14
. Puigblanch 1816, 131.
15
. Jenkins 2003.
16
. Especially Ellerbe 1995; Kirsch 2008.
17
. Contreras and Henningsen 1986; Given 1997; Haliczer 1990; Henningsen 1980; Henningsen and Tedeschi 1986; Kamen 1993; 1997; Levack 1995; Monter 1990; Rawlings 2006.
18
. See Henningsen and Tedeschi 1986.
19
. Rawlings 2006, 37.
20
. Monter 1990.
21
. Contreras and Henningsen 1986.
22
. Chadwick and Evans 1987, 113.
23
. Holinshed [1587] 1965 claims seventy-two thousand were executed by Henry.
24
. Dowling [1845] 2002, 16.
25
. Kamen 1997, 190; Madden 2003, 30.
26
. Rawlings 2006, 33.
27
. Peters 1989, 93.
28
. Madden 2003, 30.
29
. Madden 2003, 29.
30
. Daly 1978; Davies 1996, 567; Dworkin 1974; Hughes 1952.