16
. Jones 1987, 106.
17
. Gimpel 1976, viii, 1.
18
. White 1940, 151.
19
. Stark 2006.
20
. Chandler 1987.
21
. Stark 2003; 2005.
22
. Lopez 1976, 43.
23
. Gimpel 1976, 16.
24
. Gies and Gies 1994, 113.
25
. Stark 2005, chap. 5.
26
. Gies and Gies 1994, 117.
27
. Duke 1998, 480.
28
. Gimpel 1976, 25–27.
29
. Stark 2005, chap. 5.
30
. Landes 1998, 46.
31
. Montgomery 1968; White 1962.
32
. Lane [1934] 1992, 35–53.
33
. Barclay, Nelson, and Schofield 1981, 488.
34
. Needham 1980.
35
. In
The Communist Manifesto,
1848.
36
. Collins 1986; Stark 2005.
37
. Stark 2005.
38
. In his
Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard,
quoted in de Roover 1958, 422.
39
. I have relied on the translations of Aquinas’s
Summa Theologica
provided by Monroe 1975.
40
. Little 1978, 181.
41
. Gilchrist 1969; Little 1978; Raftus 1958.
42
. Gilchrist 1969, 67.
43
. Hunt and Murray 1999, 73.
44
. Little 1978, 181.
45
. Southern 1970b, 40.
46
. Stark 2003, chap. 4.
47
. Stark 2003, chap. 4.
48
. Bonnassie 1991, 30.
49
. Bloch 1975, 14.
50
. In Bonnassie 1991, 54.
51
. Bloch 1975, 11.
52
. Bloch 1975, 30.
53
. Daniel 1981, 705.
54
. Gardner and Crosby 1959, 236.
55
. De la Croix and Tansey 1975, 353.
56
. Johnson 2003, 190.
57
. Lopez 1967, 198.
58
. Colish 1997, 266.
59
. Cohen 1985; Gingerich 1975; Jaki 2000; Rosen 1971.
60
. Hollister 1992, 8.
61
. Grant 1996, 23.
62
. Pernoud 2000, 24.
63
. Ferguson 1939, 8.
64
. Stark 2003, chap. 2.
65
. Stark 2007a, chap. 1.
66
. Stark 2005.
Chapter 15: The People’s Religion
1
. Durant 1950.
2
. Freemantle 1954.
3
. Murray 1972, 83.
4
. Manchester 1993, 20.
5
. Walzer 1965, 4.
6
. Murray 1972, 92.
7
. Murray 1972, 92.
8
. Murray 1972, 93–94.
9
. Quoted in Coulton 1938, 193.
10
. Quoted in Coulton 1938, 188.
11
.
Dives and Pauper
1976, 189.
12
. Coulton 1938, 194.
13
. Strauss 1975, 49.
14
. Strauss 1975, 49.
15
. Strauss 1975, 49.
16
. Strauss 1978, 278.
17
. Strauss 1978, 278–79.
18
. Strauss 1978, 283.
19
. Thomas 1971, 161–62.
20
. Strauss 1978, 284.
21
. Strauss 1975, 56–57.
22
. Strauss 1978, 284.
23
. Strauss 1975, 59.
24
. Strauss 1978, 273.
25
. Coulton 1938, 189–90.
26
. Farmer 1991, 336; Hay 1977, 64.
27
. Morris 1993, 232.
28
. Christian 1981, 154.
29
. Strauss 1975, 50.
30
. Strauss 1975, 51.
31
. Strauss 1978, 270.
32
. Strauss 1978, 278.
33
. Strauss 1975, 58.
34
. Strauss 1978, 291.
35
. Strauss 1978, 270.
36
. Quoted in Thomas 1971, 165.
37
. Quoted in Thomas 1971, 164.
38
. Quoted in Thomas 1971, 164.
39
. Quoted in Strauss 1978, 298.
40
. Franits 2004, 35.
41
. Bede [730] 1955, 340.
42
. Coulton 1938, 157.
43
. Quoted in Coulton 1938, 157.
44
. Thomas 1971, 164.
45
. Coulton 1938, 158.
46
. Thomas 1971, 165.
47
. Hay 1977, 56.
48
. Duffy 1987, 88.
49
. Delumeau 1977.
50
. Strauss 1975, 52.
51
. Strauss 1975, 55.
52
. Duffy 1987, 88.
53
. Duffy 1987, 88.
54
. Duffy 1997, 146.
55
. Lea 1902, 672.
56
. Pastor 1898, 5:475.
57
. Duffy 1987, 88.
58
. Quoted in Murray 1972, 93.
59
. Swanson 1995. If that seems like a very large number of priests for a single diocese, in this era as many as 10 percent of the population in some cities were priests (Ozment 1980, 211).
60
.
Epistle
94.
61
. Hay 1977, 63.
62
. Coulton 1938, 174.
63
. Duffy 1997.
64
. Brooke and Brooke 1984, 116.
65
. Fletcher 1997, 16.
66
. Duffy 1987, 88.
67
. Coulton 1938, 156.
68
. Hay 1977, 56.
69
. Ozment 1980, 219.
70
. Ozment 1980, 219.
71
. Bossy 1985, 37; Ozment 1980, 218–19.
72
. Thomas 1971, 161.
73
. Thomas 1971, 163.
74
. Quoted in Thomas 1971, 163.
75
. Quoted in Thomas 1971, 163.
76
. Obelkevich 1976, 279.
77
. Strauss 1988, 211.
78
. Kieckhefer 1989, 10.
79
. Quoted in Flint 1991, 240.
80
. Kieckhefer 1989, 62.
81
. Quoted in Kieckhefer 1989, 19.
82
. Kieckhefer 1989, 82.
83
. Flint 1991; Thomas 1971.
84
. Quoted in Kieckhefer 1989, 3.
85
. Quoted in Kieckhefer 1989, 4.
86
. Flint 1991, 189.
87
. Flint 1991, 189.
88
. O’Neil 1981, 11.
89
. Strauss 1978, 304.
90
. Strauss 1978, 304.
91
. Katz 1994, 417; Kieckhefer 1976, 79–80; Stark 2003, chap. 3.
92
. Cohn 1975, 169.
93
. Kieckhefer 1976, 79.
94
. Katz 1994; Midelfort 1981.
95
. Stark 2003, chap. 3.
96
. Quoted in Parker 1992, 45.
Chapter 16: Faith and the Scientific “Revolution”
1
. White 1896, 2:108–9.
2
. Grant 1971; 1994; Hamilton 1996; Russell 1997.
3
. Russell 1997.
4
. Bloch [1940] 1961, 83.
5
. Darwin and Seward 1903, 1:195.
6
.
Essay concerning Human Understanding
3.9.
7
. I have written at length on this in Stark 2003, chap. 2.
8
. Danielson 2000, 98; Mason 1962, 120–21.
9
. Crosby 1997, 104.
10
. Cohen 1985, 107.
11
. Jaki 2000; Rosen 1971.
12
. Manchester 1993, 103–4.
13
. Colish 1997, 266.
14
. Schachner 1938, 3.
15
. Porter 1998.
16
. Armitage 1951.
17
. Grant 1996, 205.
18
. White 1896, 2:50.
19
. Grant 1996.
20
. Whitehead [1925] 1967, 13.