33
. Dolan 1975; 1978; Finke and Stark 1992.
34
. Sisci 2009.
35
. Stark and Liu 2011.
36
. Stark 2004, chap. 4.
37
. Underhill 1911.
38
. Stark 1965b; 2008.
39
. Great-grandfather of my colleague and sometime coauthor William Sims Bainbridge.
40
. Bainbridge 1882, 270–72.
41
. Hutchison 1987, 147.
42
. Quoted in Aikman 2003, 5.
43
. Stark 2005.
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific passage, please use the search feature of your e-book reader.
Page numbers in
italics
refer to illustrations.
Abdulhamid II, Sultan, 233
abortion, 112; Greco-Roman, 123, 131–32, 417
Acts, 28, 55–56, 58, 60, 63, 64, 69, 70, 77, 91, 92, 155, 413, 414
Africa, 4, 5, 176, 199, 384, 411; Christian, 393–96,
394–95;
Christianity destroyed in, 199–211
agriculture, 253; medieval, 241–43, 265
Albertus Magnus, Saint, 245, 281
alchemy, 268, 284
Alexander II, Pope, 223, 306
Alexander IV, Pope, 309
Alexander VI, Pope, 261
Alexander the Great, 16, 33, 37, 83, 231
Alexandria, 115, 117, 140, 143, 147, 177, 196, 202–203, 217, 241
al-Hakim, Caliph, 217–18
Allah, 84, 209, 218, 286–87
Ambrose, St., 300–301
America, 5, 74, 102, 135, 233, 353–67, 387, 404, 410–11; colonial, 353–56,
356,
357; growing and declining denominations,
361,
359–63; mystical, 364–65; pluralism and piety, 353–67, 370–73; Revolution, 353, 355; secularization, 370–73; successful religious “firms,” 359–64
Anabaptists, 100, 320, 348, 416
Ananus, 64–65
Anastasius, Pope, 300
Andrew, 53, 91
Anglicans, 263, 354, 355, 356, 377
Anselm, Saint, 248
Antioch, 66, 94, 107, 143, 149, 159, 174, 224, 225, 230–31; massacre of, 230–31; Princedom of, 224, 225,
225,
226
Antiochus IV Epiphanes, 37
apostles, 91, 172
Aquinas, Thomas, 245, 281, 293
Arabia, 199, 200–207
Arcadius, 190, 191, 194
architecture, 248; Gothic, 249, 250; Romanesque, 248–49
Arianism, 177–78, 179, 190
Aristotle, 132, 247, 251, 277, 286;
Politics,
132
Arius, 177–78
Armenia, 199, 201, 209, 210
Armstrong, Karen, 216, 231, 232
art, 248; medieval, 241, 248–49, 259–60; Renaissance, 251
Ascension, 60, 85
Asia, 4, 5, 65, 285
Assyrians, 36
astrology, 253, 267, 268, 284, 373
astronomy, 273–74, 278–80, 284, 289–90, 294
Athens, 69, 106, 115, 159; Academy, 185
Augustine, St., 153, 177, 187, 197, 199, 245, 292;
Confessions,
408
Augustus, 21–22, 26, 132
Austria, 328, 377
auto-de-fe,
333, 337–38
Babylon, 11, 33, 36, 39, 41, 71–72, 128
Bacchanalianism, 15, 19, 21, 22, 23–25; suppression of, 23–25
Bacchus, 15, 19, 23–25
Bagnall, Roger, 111, 158
Bailey, Cyril, 30, 83
Baldwin of Boulogne, 224
banking, 244–46, 331
baptism, 19, 50, 52, 54, 170, 304
Baptists, 356, 360,
361,
371, 378, 400
Bar Kokhba, 65
Bar-Kokhba Revolt, 77
Barnabas, 67
Baroque, 239
Base Communities, 401
Basel, 325, 326
Bathilda, St., 247
Baybars, Sultan of Egypt, 226, 230–31
Bede, Venerable, 196, 260
Belgium, 242, 378
Benedict IX, Pope, 302
Berbers, 203, 204
Berger, Peter, 357–59, 369–70, 373, 375, 383
Bernardino, St., 256, 261
Bernard of Tiron, 307
bestiality, 349–50
Bethlehem, 12, 35, 174
Bible, 58, 292, 409–410; historical reliability of Gospels, 54–57; Lutheran, 323–24.
See also
specific books
bigamy, 348–49
Bohemond of Taranto, 225–26
book burning, 350
Bologna, 250, 260, 278, 281, 283
bourgeoisie, 320, 321, 326–27
Boyle, Robert, 287, 340
Brazil, 399, 400, 403
bridges, 242
Brown, Peter, 126, 184, 187, 198
Brown, Roger, 191, 195
Bruce, Steve, 357, 358
Buchanan, George Wesley, 90, 92
Buddha, 100, 102
Buddhism, 88, 100, 375, 387, 390, 391
Burckhardt, Jacob, 169–70, 184
Byzantines, 173, 201–203, 217, 219
Caesar, Julius, 34, 41, 132
Caesarea Maritima, 217
Caiaphas, 56, 63
Cairo, 209, 217
calendar, 186–87
Caligula, 26
Calvin, John, 103, 293, 294, 416
Calvinism, 101, 331, 338, 347, 348
Cambridge, 250, 281, 336
Canonists, 245
Capernaum, 53–54, 79, 90
capitalism, 244, 320, 331; inventing, 244–46
Carcopino, Jerome, 109, 110
Carthage, 143, 144, 161, 176, 203
Cassius, Dio, 127, 130
castration, 27
Cathars, 100, 310–12
Catholic Charismatic Renewal (CCR), 402–404
Catholicism, 4, 101, 169, 207, 377, 387, 388, 389, 341; in Africa, 394–96,
394–95;
American, 356, 358, 360,
361,
362–63; corruption and ignorance, 260–66, 300–313, 316–22; Counter-Reformation, 263, 289, 290, 300, 330–31, 416; Crusades, 213–34; division of, and challenge of heresy, 299–313; encapsulation, 307–308; Inquisition, 333–50; Latin American, 396–97, 398, 399, 400–403,
403,
404; Luther’s Reformation and, 315–22, 416; medieval, 255–72, 288, 299–313, 322, 376; monopolies, 303–305, 309, 320, 331; reforms, 305–313, 316–32, 416; royal self-interest and, 328–29.
See also
Roman Catholic Church
Cervantes, Miguel, 249
Chadwick, Henry, 121, 129
charity, 112–14
Charlemagne, 247
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 249
Chile, 399, 403
China, 65, 73, 100, 199, 244, 249, 286, 374, 375, 384, 389–90; Christians in, 405–407
Christianity, 3–5, 49; African, 393–96,
394–95;
assessment of growth, 153–59,
156–57,
158–63,
159, 163,
164–65; in China, 405–407; consolidating Christian Europe, 167–234; Constantine and, 169–81, 184–87, 299, 300, 303, 304, 375–76, 414–15; conversion, 65–70, 71–85, 344–48; Crusades, 213–34; destroyed in North Africa and Asia, 199–211, 217; division of, 297–350; early spread of, 31, 49–165, 262, 413–14, 416–17; in the East, 161, 169, 176, 199–211, 217; geography of growth, 158–59,
160,
161–62; globalization and, 387–412; Holy Family, 59–61; Jesus and the Jesus Movement, 49–70; Judaism and, 50, 52, 57, 98, 366, 413–14; in Latin America, 396–404; literacy and, 96–100; medieval, 235–95; misery and, 105–119; model of growth, 156–59; new worlds and Christian growth, 351–418; peasantry and, 255–72; pluralism and American piety, 353–67, 370–73; privilege and, 87–104; reasons for growth of, 408–12; Reformations, 315–32, 416; regional distributions of, 392,
392,
393; rise of science and, 273–95; Roman Empire, 31, 49–165, 171–72, 184–85, 192; secularization and, 369–85; women and, 121–36.
See also
specific religions
Christian III, King of Denmark, 329
Chrysostom, John, 78
churches, 173, 217; built by Constantinople, 172–75, 217–18; corruption, 261–63, 300–313, 316–32; “enlightened,” 379–81; lazy, 376–79; magic, 269–71, 341–44; medieval, 255–72, 299–313; pluralism and American piety, 353–67, 370–73; reforms, 305–313, 316–32; royal self-interest and, 328–30; rural neglect, 262–63; secularization and, 369–85.
See also
specific churches and religions
Church of England, 101, 377
Church of Piety, 299, 303, 305–307, 316, 322, 330
Church of Power, 299–309
Church of the Holy Sepulcher, 174, 217–18
Cicero, 130, 132
circumcision, 37, 80
cities, 106–112; ancient misery in, 106–112; Christian growth, 158–59,
160,
161–64; crime and disorder, 110–11; disease, 111–12, 114–18; filth, 108–110; Free Imperial, 327, 329; housing, 108; port, 162; Reformation and, 326–27; size and density, 106–107.
See also specific cities
civility, religious, 365–67
Claudius, 28, 56, 94, 127
Clement of Alexandria, 60, 126
Clement III, Pope, 309
clergy, 174; American, 356–57, 363–64; Church of Power, 300–309; corruption and ignorance, 260–66, 300–313, 316–32; elevated by Constantine, 174–75, 300, 303, 304; inappropriate expectations, 263–66; medieval, 255, 260–72, 299–313, 322, 376; monopoly and, 303–305; reforms, 305–313, 316–32, 416; sex and, 261, 264, 302, 306, 319, 348
Clovis II, 247
Code of Justinian, 185
Cologne, 281, 310, 311, 325, 326
colonialism: European, 213, 215–16, 233–34, 393; Muslim, 199–211, 217
Columbus, Christopher, 243, 273–74, 387
Commodus, 96
Communism, 87–88, 389, 407
Confucianism, 73, 100, 389
Congregationalists, 355, 356, 360,
361,
411
congregations, 15, 20, 159; fears of, 21–22; Oriental faiths, 15, 16, 20–27
Constantine, 3, 21, 26, 165, 169–81, 183, 193, 194, 198, 299, 355; Christianity and, 169–81, 184–87, 299, 300, 303, 304, 375–76, 414–15; church-building program, 172–75, 217–18; Donatist controversy and, 176–77; paganism and, 178–80, 191–92; persecution and, 175–78, 180–81
Constantinople, 173, 174, 218, 219; fall of, 200
Constantius, 192, 193, 194
conversion, 65–70, 71–85, 118, 119, 140, 155, 157, 196, 265, 304, 344–48, 387–88, 410–12; of Constantine, 169–81, 375–76, 414–15; Crusades and, 213, 228; cultural continuity, 74–75; early, 65–70, 71–85; failure of, 77–80; Gentiles, 71, 76, 79, 80–85; globalization and, 410–12; Inquisition and, 344–48; to Islam, 200, 204–207, 208; Jews, 65–70, 71–85, 344–47; Paul’s efforts, 65–70, 71, 75–77, 84, 158–59, 161; secondary, 133–35
conversos,
345–46
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 250, 275, 278–81, 284, 287;
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres,
280
Coptic Christians, 202, 205, 209
Corinth, 28, 55–56, 66, 77, 93, 94, 106, 125, 159
1 Corinthians, 60, 62, 89–90, 125, 129, 134, 264
corruption, 261; clergy, 261–66, 300–313, 316–22
Council of Trent, 330
Counter-Reformation, 263, 289, 290, 300, 330–31, 416
creation, 285–88, 292
credibility, 151; martyrdom and, 151–52
crime and disorder, 110–11
Crucifixion, 49, 57, 59, 82, 85, 413
Crusades, 4, 154, 209, 213–34, 244, 306, 307, 417; economic aspects of, 215, 216, 221–22; Kingdoms, 224–25, 225, 226–28; motives of, 215–16, 221–24; myth of, 216, 233–34; rediscovering, 232–34; “war crimes,” 228–32