Pilate, Pontius, 34, 50, 54, 56
pilgrims and pilgrimages, 216–21; crusaders’ brutalization of, 218–21; to Jerusalem, 218, 222–24
Pisa, 227, 281, 290
plagues, 114–18, 139
Plato, 12, 30, 100, 132, 247, 251, 284;
Republic,
132
Pliny the Elder, 267
Pliny the Younger, 19, 22, 95, 108, 126, 138–39, 150
pluralism, 38, 180, 410–12, 418; American piety and, 353–67, 370–73; colonial, 354–56,
356,
357; globalization and, 410–12; Jewish, 38–43, 63; Latin American, 396–99,
399,
400–403,
403,
404; misconceived, 357–60; religious civility and, 365–67
Plutarch, 30, 127, 128
Poland, 278, 374
Polycarp, Bishop, 149
polytheism, 29, 39, 81, 84, 183
Pompeii, 16
Pompey, 34, 37
Portugal, 328
poverty, 87–88, 105–108; medieval religion and, 255–72
Prague, 281, 313
Presbyterians, 356,
361,
371, 411
priests, 13–14, 35, 56; American, 356–57, 363–64; Constantine and, 174–75; corruption and ignorance, 260–66, 300–313, 316–32; hereditary, 39–40; Jewish, 39–40, 43; medieval, 255, 260–72, 299–313, 322, 376; pagan, 9–11, 12, 27, 29; Roman, 13–14
printing, 323–24, 326
privilege, 87–104; clergy and, 300–303, 311; insufficiencies and opportunities of, 101–4; literacy, 96–100; medieval, 300–312; Paul and, 88–96; religious innovation and, 100–101
Procopius, 190
property ownership, 246, 322; church, 322–23, 329–30
prostitution, 28, 131, 178; clergy and, 261–62, 302, 306
Protestantism, 214, 215, 244, 288, 331, 377, 378, 379, 381, 387, 388, 389, 411; in Africa, 394–96,
394–95;
American, 355, 356, 360,
361,
363; Inquisition and, 333, 344, 345, 347–48, 350; Latin American, 397–99,
399,
400; medieval, 255, 263, 265; Reformation, 315–32, 416; royal self-interest and, 328–30
Ptolemy, 280, 290
Ptolemy I, 16, 37
purgatory, 317
Puritanism, 353, 354–57
Pythagoreans, 100
Q, 99
Quakers, 354, 356, 361, 378
Quintilian, 127
Qumran, 42, 44, 98
Qur’an, 201, 207, 286
Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, 226
reform, 305–307, 322–23, 416; discontent and, 322–23; medieval, 305–13; piety and, 305–7; Reformations, 315–32, 416
Reformation, 5, 101, 237, 238, 244, 263, 265, 289, 315–22, 345, 416; city governance and, 326–27; explaining the, 320–21; pamphlets and printers, 323–24; royal self-interest and, 328–30; universities and, 325–26
Renaissance, 237, 238, 239, 241, 249, 251, 252; myth of, 251
Resurrection, 49, 85, 218
revenge magic, 268, 270
Robert of Arbrissel, 307
Roman Catholic Church, 101, 169, 174, 184, 299, 331, 336, 360,
361,
362, 377, 381, 387, 396, 411; medieval, 299–313, 322, 376
Romans, 56, 67, 94, 125
Roman Senate, 23, 24, 25, 26, 95, 132, 141, 142
Rome and Roman Empire, 3, 4, 31, 55, 65, 89, 93, 121, 217, 249, 261, 262, 271, 282, 301, 316, 318–20, 375, 417; anti-Semitism, 27–29, 42, 43, 62–63; Christianization of, 31, 49–165, 171–72, 184–85, 192; churches, 173, 174; demise of, 141, 145, 237–41, 252; Jews, 13, 27–31, 33, 37, 41–45, 56, 58, 62–65, 72, 77, 158; marriage, sex, and fertility, 122–23, 127–33; misery and disease, 106–112, 114–18; model of Christian growth, 156–59; Oriental faiths, 13–31, 81; pagan, 12–14, 16–21, 83, 122–31, 134–35, 140–47, 151, 158, 172, 183–98; papal corruption, 300–302; persecution of Christians, 137–52, 183–92; privilege, 95–96; religions, 12–14, 16–31; temples, 13, 14, 16–17, 27, 29; women, 121–36, 417
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 237
Runciman, Sir Steven, 218, 228
Russell, Bertrand, 238, 275, 285
Russia, 291, 374–75, 384
sacrifice, 10, 11, 18, 185, 190; blood 188–89, 190
Sadducees, 35, 40–41, 42, 43
Saladin, Ayyubid Sultab, 229–30
Salome, 60
salvation, 19
Samaria, 36, 63
Samaritans, 33, 36, 50–51
Sanhedrin, 56, 60, 63, 65
sanitation, 108–110
Saracens, 229
Satan, 11, 271–72, 339
Scandinavia, 331, 370, 376, 377, 378–81; secularization and, 376–82
Scholastics, 250, 251, 277, 278, 281–84; empiricism, 283–84
science, 250, 273–95, 418; Copernicus and, 278–81; definition of, 275–77; empiricism, 283–84; Enlightenment, 252, 254; Galileo and, 288–92; god of reason and, 284–88; medieval, 241, 250, 273–95; modern, 369; “revolution,” 273–95, 331; Scholastics and, 277–84; theology and, 273–95
Scotland, 256
Scott, Sir Walter, 233
scriptures, 19, 20, 409–410
Sea of Galilee, 53, 80
secondary conversions, 133–35
Second Revolt, 65
sects, 38–39, 100; Jewish, 38–43; transformation of, 39
secularization, 369–85; American “exception,” 370–73; believing non-belongers, 381–82; “enlightened” churches and, 379–81; European “exception,” 375–85; lazy churches and, 376–79; Leftist politics, 382–83; thesis, 369–85; world religiousness and, 373–75
Seleucid Empire, 37
Seljuk Turks, 218–19
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, 27–28
Sepphoris, 37, 53, 106
September 11 attacks, 213, 214
Septimus Severus, 140
Septuagint, 72, 93, 97, 98
Sergius II, Pope, 301, 302
sex, 129–33, 266; clergy and, 261, 264, 302, 306, 319, 348; colonial America, 353; Greco-Roman, 129–33; Inquisition and, 333, 348–50; magic, 268, 270; ratios, 129–33
Shāpūr II, 180–81
ships, sailing, 244, 253
Sibylline Books, 26–27
Sicarii, 43
Sicily, 203, 204, 217
Siena, 256, 261
Silverius, Pope, 300
Simon, 53, 60, 91
simony, 300–301, 306, 309
Sixtus, Pope, 144
Sixtus IV, Pope, 317
slavery, 13, 87, 88, 146; Christianization of, 247; medieval, 241, 247–48; trade, 247
Smith, Adam, 303–304, 355, 366;
The Wealth of Nations,
367
Smyrna, 149
socialism, 87–88
sodomy, 349
solicitation, 348
Sol Invictus, 17
Sophocles, 251
Sordi, Marta, 95, 135, 138
Spain, 5, 204, 217, 377, 383, 403; Inquisition, 5, 272, 333–50, 418; Jews, 344–47; medieval, 258, 262, 281; Muslim, 223–24, 3–6, 344, 347; royal self-interest, 328
Spanish Inquisition.
See
Inquisition
statistics, on ancient Christianity, 153–58,
156–57,
159, 161–63,
163,
164–65
Stephen, 63
Stephen VII, Pope, 301
Stephen IX, Pope, 306
Strauss, Gerald, 256–57, 266
Suetonius, Paulinus, 28, 59
Sumer, 14
supernatural, 267–72, 369
Sweden, 329, 377, 380–81, 384
Switzerland, 268, 313, 377
synagogues, 41–42, 62, 72, 78–80
Syria, 58, 65, 188, 199, 201, 202, 206, 209, 210, 217
Tacitus, 28, 49, 95, 127, 137
Talmud, 40, 124
Tamerland, 210–11
Taoism, 100, 389
taxes, 42, 91, 141, 142, 191, 205, 210, 221, 320, 322, 323, 327, 328, 378
technology, 241; medieval, 241–44
temples, 13, 115; Jerusalem, 28, 34, 35, 36, 38–45, 51, 61–62, 65; pagan, 9–11, 16, 81, 150, 178–79, 184, 189–92, 196; Roman, 13, 14, 16–17, 27, 29; Samaritan, 36
Ten Commandments, 258, 259, 260, 265, 414
Tertullian, 60–61, 83, 95, 113, 199
Theodosius, 190, 192, 193
Thessalonica, 55, 93, 106
Thomas, Keith, 257, 264
Three Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM), 405–406
Thucydides, 115
Tiberias, 37, 53
Tiberius, 26, 28, 50
1 Timothy, 94
2 Timothy, 99
Titus, 45, 65, 106
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 354, 370
Torah, 72, 73, 124, 293
Torquemada, Tomás de, 333–35
trade, 227–28, 241, 320
Trajan, 22, 95, 126, 132, 150; persecution of Christians, 138–39
Trinity, 270
Tripoli, 226; County of, 224, 225, 226
Turkey, 204
Turks, 232
Umar, Caliph, 202
Unitarians, 360, 361
universities, 249–50, 277; Chinese, 407; medieval, 249–50, 277, 278, 279, 281–84; Reformation and, 316, 318, 325–26, 331; Scholastic, 277–84
urbanization, 320, 321
Urban II, Pope, 219–21, 232, 306, 307
Urban VIII, Pope, 289
Uruguay, 399, 400, 403
Valens, 190, 193
Valentinian, 190, 193
Valentinians, 175, 179
Valerian, 144
Venezuela, 399–400, 403
Vesalius, Andreas, 283–84
Vespasian, 28
Vestal Virgins, 20
Victor II, Pope, 306
Vienna, 281, 283
Virgin Birth, 85
Vitalis of Mortain, 307
Voltaire, 183–84, 207, 214, 237, 240, 248, 249, 252, 274, 288, 369
Waldensians, 101, 103, 312–13
Wars of Religion, 101, 327
water, 108–110; mills, 242
weaponry, 243–44
weather, 266; magic, 267–69, 270, 341
Weber, Max, 244, 369, 370–71
White, Andrew Dickson, 273–74, 275, 283
Whitehead, Alfred North, 284–85
Wilhelm, Kaiser, 229, 230
William of Ockham, 278
Wilson, Bryan, 359, 371
windmills, 242
witchcraft, 271–72; Inquisition and, 333, 340–44
Wittenberg, 316–32
women, 20, 83, 121–36; in early Christianity, 121–36, 140, 417; health problems, 112; infanticide, 123, 126–27, 130, 131; Jewish, 80, 122–24, 128; marriage and divorce, 122–23, 127–35; in Oriental religions, 20; pagan, 122–24, 127, 128, 130–31, 134–35; prostitution, 28, 131, 178, 261–62, 302, 306; role in early church, 125–26; secondary conversions, 133–35; sexuality and fertility, 112, 129–33
Woolston, Thomas, 369
World War I, 230, 233
World War II, 233