Jews and Judaism, 3, 9, 13, 21, 27–31, 33–45, 90, 155, 165, 175, 205, 207, 286, 294, 377, 378, 390, 391, 408, 417; American, 356, 358; ancient, 12–31, 33–45; conversion, 65–70, 71–85, 344–47; early Christian literacy and, 96–100; early Christians persecuted by, 62–65; fertility, 80; Hellenistic, 36–38, 66, 75–79, 80–81; Herod and, 34–36, 38, 42; Inquisition and, 333, 344–47; Jesus and, 50, 52, 57, 98, 366, 413–14; Law, 75, 76, 80;
Marranos,
344–47; Messianism, 44–45; Muslims and, 200, 207–210; persecution of, 27–29, 34, 37, 42, 61–63, 140, 200, 207, 333, 344–47; pluralism, 38–43, 63; priests, 39–40, 43; Revolts, 37, 42–43, 65, 70, 77, 199; Roman, 13, 27–31, 33, 37, 41–45, 56, 58, 62–65, 72, 77, 158–59; Samaritan, 36; sects, 38–43; synagogues, 41–42, 62, 72, 78–80; Temple, 38–45, 51, 61–62, 65; women, 80, 122–24, 128; Zealots, 42–45, 154.
See also
Diasporan Jews
John, 50, 53, 54, 82, 91
John X, Pope, 301
John XI, Pope, 302
John XII, Pope, 302
John XIX, Pope, 302
John Paul II, Pope, 397
John the Baptist, 43, 50, 52, 54, 91
Joseph, 51, 59–61, 90
Joseph of Arimathea, 91
Josephus, 40–45, 49, 56, 65, 80, 106, 154
Jovian, 190
Judas, 60
Judas of Galilee, 42–43
Judea, 34–45, 53, 56, 61, 63
Judge, E. A., 89, 93, 112
Julian the Apostate, 118, 169, 183, 187–90, 193, 194, 195; anti-Christian efforts, 185, 187–90
Jupiter, 14, 17, 18, 29
Justin Martyr, 127
Justinian, 185, 190
kabbalah,
268
Kepler, Johannes, 280, 284, 287
Kim, Hyojoung, 324, 325, 327
Kirsch, Jonathan, 334;
God Against the Gods,
183;
The Grand Inquisitor’s Manual,
335
knightly class, 215; Crusaders, 215–34, 244
Knights Hospitaller, 227
Knights Templar, 227, 230, 233
Lactantius, 190
Laodicea, 159
Latin, 241, 249, 251, 260, 265, 282, 318
Latin America, 5, 134, 353, 387, 396–404; Catholicism, 396–97, 398,
399,
400–403,
403,
404; pluralism, 396–99, 399, 400–403,
403,
404; Protestantism, 397–99,
399,
400
lazy churches, 376–79
Leftist politics, 382–83
Leo V, Pope, 301
Leo VI, Pope, 301
Leo IX, Pope, 305–306
Leo X, Pope, 315, 318, 322, 328
Leviticus, 124
Liberation Theology, 401–402
literacy, 96–100, 249, 326
literature, 249, 251; Inquisition scenes, 334; medieval, 249
Livy, 23, 24
Locke, John, 265, 277
Lollards, 103, 313, 338, 348
Lord’s Prayer, 260, 263, 265, 270
love, 18, 113; magic, 268, 270, 341, 342
Loyola, Ignatius, 316
Lucian of Antioch, 177
Lucius III, Pope, 312
Luke, 36, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 60, 66, 76, 77, 90, 91, 99
Luteranos,
347–48
Luther, Martin, 4–5, 101, 103, 256, 263, 265, 272, 313, 315–32, 345, 416;
Ninety-Five Theses,
318;
Reformation,
315–32, 416;
Reformation Treatises,
318; at Worms, 319–20
Lutheranism, 197, 256–58, 261, 263, 265, 316–22, 333, 377, 416; American, 354, 356, 359–60, 371; city governance and, 326–27; Inquisition and, 333, 344, 345, 347–48, 350; monopolies, 320; printers and, 323–24, 326; royal self-interest and, 328–30; spread of, 316–32; universities and, 325–26
Lyons, 139–40
Maccabean Revolt, 37
Machiavelli, Niccolo, 249
MacMullen, Ramsay, 183, 195, 197
Magi, 12, 85
magic, 266, 267–72, 341–44; church, 269–71, 341–44; love and sex, 268, 270, 341, 342; medical, 267, 269, 270, 271, 341; revenge, 268, 270; weather, 267–68, 269, 270, 341
Mameluke army, 226, 227
Mamlūks, 209–210
Manichaeism, 175, 199
Marcionism, 77–78, 175, 179, 199
Marcus Aurelius, 114, 139–40
Mark, 50, 51, 53, 54, 57, 59, 60, 61, 91
Marozia, 301–302
Marranos,
344–47
marriage, 122; bigamy, 348–49; Greco-Roman, 122–23, 127–35; mixed, 78, 133–35; secondary conversions, 133–35
martyrdom, 135, 147–52, 269; credibility and, 151–52; masochism and, 148–49; rewards of, 148–51; Roman persecution of Christians, 147–52
Marx, Karl, 87, 103, 244
Marxism, 321, 401
Mary, 51, 59–61, 82, 90, 258, 409; doctrine of perpetual virginity, 61
Masada, 43, 154
Matthew, 35, 50, 51, 53, 54, 60, 91–92, 105, 112, 119, 128
Maxentius, 170, 171
Mecca, 200
medical magic, 267, 269, 270, 271, 341
Medici family, 322
Medina, 200
mercy, 112–18
Mesopotamia, 181, 199, 201, 209, 210
Messianism, 44–45
Methodism, 101, 356, 360,
361,
362, 411
Mexico, 374, 399, 403
Middle Ages, 4, 79, 186, 219, 235–95, 299–313, 418; capitalism, 244–46; church corruption, 261–63, 300–313, 322; Crusades, 213–34; division of Christianity and challenge of heresy, 299–313; high culture, 248–50; magic, 267–72; moral progress, 247–48; myth of “Dark Ages,” 237–53; peasant religion, 255–72; technology, 241–44
Milan, 161, 300
Milvian Bridge, battle of, 26, 170, 176
miracles, 85
misery, 105–119; Christian mercy and, 112–18; crime and disorder, 110–11; disease, 111–12, 114–18; housing and filth, 108–110; urban, 106–112
mission.
See
conversion
Mithraism, 16, 19, 21, 22, 188
Mitra, 16, 19, 22
modernization, 5, 369, 412; secularization and, 369–70, 374
Mongols, 209–211
monopolies, religious, 303–5, 309, 320, 330, 331, 365, 415, 416
monotheism, 9, 10, 11–12, 15, 81; Jewish, 11, 29, 31, 33, 45, 74, 80–81; pagan, 29–31, 81; Zoroastrian, 11–12
Montanists, 175, 199
Montanus, 175
Montanus, Reginaldus,
A Discovery and Plaine Declaration of Sundry Subtill Practices of the Holy Inquisition of Spain,
334, 336
morality, 247; medieval progress, 247–48
Moriscos,
347
Mormonism, 74–75, 157,
361
Moses, 43, 59, 63, 100, 293–94, 409
Muhammad, 60, 200–204, 217
music, 18; medieval, 241, 248; pagan, 197
Muslims, 4, 84, 153, 185, 199–211, 243, 246, 286–87, 306, 363–64, 384, 389–93, 417; civil war, 203; conquests, 200–204; conversions, 200, 204–7, 208; Crusades, 213–34; destruction of Eastern and North African Christianity, 199–211, 217;
dhimmis
and, 208–209; Inquisition and, 333, 344, 345, 347; Jews and, 200, 207–10; persecution of Christians, 207–11, 217, 230–31
Naples, 174, 281
Nazarenes, 61–62
Nazareth, 37, 51, 53, 54, 90
Nebuchadnezzar, 71–72
Nero, 64, 127, 188; persecution of Christians, 137–39
Nestorians, 200–201, 210
Nestorus, 200
Netherlands, 242, 259, 328, 348, 349, 382
New Age Movement, 88, 102, 197, 373, 417
New Testament, 55, 56, 58, 77, 93, 104, 125, 155, 174, 262, 313, 323, 409
Newton, Isaac, 275, 278, 280, 287
New York, 354, 355; September 11 attacks, 213, 214
Nicaea, 177, 199
Nicene Creed, 178
Nicholas of Cusa, 279
Nicholas II, Pope, 306
Nicomedia, 22, 164, 174
nobility, 220, 376; early privilege, 87–104; medieval, 220, 222, 305, 307, 311
Nock, Arthur Darby, 59, 76, 92, 97
North Africa, 4, 177, 199; Christianity destroyed in, 199–211, 217
Old Testament, 61, 75, 101, 310, 409
organization, 20
Oriental faiths, 13–31, 81, 82, 96, 150, 162; Bacchanalianism, 15, 19, 21, 22, 23–25; congregations, 15, 16, 20–27; Cybelene worship, 15, 19, 21, 22, 26–27, 31, 81, 162; Isiacism, 15–16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 25–26, 28, 81, 162; Judaism, 27–31, 33–45
Origen, 61, 80, 126, 293
Orphics, 100
Orthodox Catholic Church, 169, 174, 388, 389
Ottoman Empire, 233; decline of, 216, 233
Outremer, 226–27
Ovid, 28
Oxford, 250, 281, 336
Padua, 278, 279, 281, 283
paganism, 3, 4, 9–31, 73, 75, 80–84, 96, 117–18, 183–98, 205, 207, 266, 272, 304, 417; assimilation of, 195–97; coexistence, 178–80, 186–87, 191–92; cultural continuity, 82–84; demise of, 4, 183–98; holidays, 196–97; marriage, 127–35; “monotheism,” 29–31, 81; Oriental faiths, 13–31, 81, 150; persecution of Christians, 137–52, 183–92; Roman, 12–14, 16–21, 83, 122–31, 134–35, 140–47, 151, 158, 172, 183–98; sacrifice, 10, 11, 18, 185, 188–90; temples, 9–11, 16, 81, 150, 178–79, 184, 189–92, 196; terminology, 262; women, 122–24, 127, 128, 130–31, 134–35
Palestine, 33–34, 36, 37, 53, 58, 62, 65, 80, 123, 124, 154, 208, 219, 223, 414
Panama, 398, 399, 403
papacy, 219–21, 301; corruption, 261–63, 300–313, 316–32.
See also specific popes
Paris, 103, 241, 242, 250, 279, 281, 338
Passover, 52, 90
Paul, 28, 29, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58–59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 97, 99, 121, 137, 199, 264, 409, 413–14; Diaspora and, 75–77; mission efforts, 65–70, 71, 75–77, 84, 158–59, 161; privilege and, 88–96; women and, 125–26, 129, 134
peasantry, 255–72, 321; medieval religion, 255–72
Peasants’ War, 320
Pentacostalism, 134, 378, 397, 398, 402
perfecti,
310–12
persecution, 3–4, 137–52, 309–310; commitment and, 137–52; Constantine and, 175–78, 180–81; Crusades and, 228–32; by Decius and Valerian, 141–44, 147; early, 61–65, 137–52; early church in Jerusalem, 61–65; episodic, 138–40; Great Persecution, 144–47, 164, 171, 176; of heretics, 309–313; imperial, 140–41; Inquisition, 333–50; of Jews, 27–29, 34, 37, 42, 61–63, 140, 200, 207, 333, 344–47; Jewish persecution of early Christians, 62–65; martyrdom and, 147–52; Muslim persecution of Christians, 207–11, 217, 230–31; Persian massacres, 180–81; persistence and, 189–92; Roman persecution of Christians, 137–52, 183–95
Perseus, 82
Persia, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 38, 58, 72, 144, 170, 175, 199, 201, 206, 267; Christians persecuted in, 180–81
Peter, 53, 54, 57, 64, 91, 134, 137, 155
1 Peter, 134
Petrarch, 237
Pfaff, Steven, 324, 325, 327
Pharisees, 35, 40–42, 51, 52, 63, 65, 92
Philippians, 93, 94
Philo of Alexandria, 56, 73, 123