Three Scientific Revolutions: How They Transformed Our Conceptions of Reality (42 page)

mathematical formalism,
201
,
215

mathematical principles of philosophy,
74
–
75
,
78
–
79

matrix mechanics,
191
–
92

and Newton,
65
,
66
,
67
–
69
,
70
–
71
,
74
–
75
,
76
,
77
,
78
–
79
,
88
–
89

square roots and successive sums,
44

matrix mechanics,
14
,
186
,
191
–
92
,
193
,
195
,
196
–
97
,
198

Maxwell, James Clerk,
114
,
140
,
147
,
164
–
65
,
171

Maxwell-Lorentz equation,
166
–
67

Mechanics
(Galileo),
43

medicine,
13
,
18
,
27
,
30
–
31
,
119
,
207
,
229

genetic research on illnesses and increasing longevity,
244
–
46

Meisenböck, Gero,
235

Meitner, Lisa,
223

Melville, Thomas,
148

“Memoir on the Combination of Gaseous Substances with Each Other” (Gay-Lussac),
128
–
30

“Memoir on the Diffraction of Light” (Fresnel),
111
,
143

“Memory, Dreams, and Prophesying” (Aristotle),
23

Mendeleev, Dmitri Ivanovich,
135
–
37
,
147
,
176
,
188

Mercury,
20
,
37
,
56
,
171
–
72

Merifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio [Different Descriptions of Logarithmic Canons]
(Napier),
41

Mersenne, Maria,
61
,
117

mesons,
212

metaphysics,
15
,
35
,
80
,
85

“Metaphysics” (Aristotle),
23

Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique [The Method of Chemical Nomenclature]
(Lavoisier, et al.),
122

Meyer, Julius Lothar,
135
,
147

Michelson, Albert A.,
165
,
166

Michelson-Morely experiments,
77
,
145
,
160
,
165
,
166
–
67

Mills, Robert.
See
Yang-Mills gauge theory

“minima” of Epicurus,
24
,
118
,
147
,
212

Minkowski, Herman,
168

Mlodinow, Leonard,
216

molecular chemistry,
123
–
30
,
132
–
37

molecular physics,
183

molecules,
130
,
134
,
136
,
148
,
153
,
154
,
163
,
164
,
182
–
83
,
198

biomolecular components of the brain,
232
,
239

molecular structure,
51
,
76
,
118
,
129
,
132
,
133
,
137
,
147
,
175
,
188

molecular substances and compounds,
122
–
23
,
125
,
128
,
130
,
132
,
137

DNA as molecular,
243
,
247
,
250
.
See also
DNA

momentum,
111
,
118
,
164
,
185
,
186
,
191
,
194
,
199
,
200
,
201
,
204

angular momentum,
180
,
181
,
184
,
186
,
205

Montague, Charles,
87

Moore, G. E.,
155

Moore, Gordon,
230

Moore, Keith,
66
,
88

Moore's law for computers,
230

Moravec, Hans,
240
–
41

Morley, Edward W.,
165
.

See also
Michelson-Morely experiments

Morveau, Guyton de,
122

Moseley, H. G. J.,
174
,
175
,
183

motion,
149

Einstein on,
170
–
71

electrodynamics of moving bodies,
164
–
65

Galileo's incline plane experiments,
12
,
43
–
44
,
54
,
60
–
61
,
64

Newton on

absolute motion,
76
,
77
,
164

F
=
ma
,
81
,
163
,
168
,
223
.
See also
motion, Newton on

laws of,
64
,
66
,
67
–
68
,
77
–
78
,
163

projectile motion,
60

Mottelay, P. Fleury,
94
,
96

Mount Wilson Observatory,
14
,
38
,
222
–
23

M-theory,
227

Mubarak, Hosni,
250

Muhammad (prophet),
252

multiuniverses, cosmological theory of,
14
,
216
–
17
,
220
,
224
,
227

“Music of the Spheres,”
19
,
183
,
225

Musschenbroek, Pieter van,
101
–
102

Mysterium Cosmographicum [The Cosmographic Mystery]
(Kepler),
20

Nagel, Thomas,
155

Napier, John,
41

NASA,
217

Nash, Leonard K.,
129
,
133

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI),
243
–
44

National Institutes of Health,
244

nature

mathematics as language of,
42
,
65
,
75

principle of uniformity of nature,
52
,
187

stability in,
187
–
89

Ne'eman, Yuval,
176
,
177
,
185
–
86
,
192

neutrinos,
209
,
226

neutrons,
13
,
76
,
177
,
209
,
210
,
212
,
224

New Astronomy [Astronomia Nova]
(Kepler),
39

New System of Chemical Philosophy
(Dalton),
14
,
126
,
128

Newton, Isaac,
10
,
11
,
13
,
23
,
63
–
90
,
105
,
117
,
142
,
147
–
48

absolute space and time cosmological theory of,
13
,
63
,
76
,
77
,
140
,
164
–
65

corpuscular-mechanics worldview of,
36
,
50
,
52
,
63
–
90
,
117
,
141
,
142
,
155
,
204

objections to,
109
–
111
,
112
,
142
–
44

wave theory of light replacing,
112
–
13

early years,
66
–
67

on gravity,
13
,
65
,
68
–
69
,
75
,
80
,
86
,
105
,
107
,
108
,
109
–
110
,
112
,
141

influence of,
93

later years,
87
–
89

on magnetism,
84
,
86
,
93
,
109

and mathematics,
65
,
66
,
67
–
69
,
70
–
71
,
74
–
75
,
76
,
77
,
78
–
79
,
88
–
89

on motion

absolute motion,
76
,
77
,
164

F
=
ma
,
81
,
163
,
168
,
223
.
See also
motion, Newton on

laws of,
64
,
66
,
67
–
68
,
77
–
78
,
163

projectile motion,
60

Opticks
,
75
,
76
,
81
,
83
–
87
,
93
,
96
,
109
,
147
–
48

and philosophy,
74
–
75
,
78
–
79

Principia Mathematica
,
65
,
66
,
68
,
72
–
79
,
81
,
83
–
84
,
88
,
164