Three Scientific Revolutions: How They Transformed Our Conceptions of Reality (45 page)

Einstein on,
140
,
141
,
145
,
167
,
168
,
188
,
203

space time interval,
168

“twins paradox,”
169
–
70

spectral analysis,
148
–
49
,
159
,
182

spin,
204
–
206
,
207
,
209
–
210

stability

atomic stability,
175
,
186
,
188

of the elements,
132

in nature,
187
–
89

of the sun,
48
,
49
,
58

Stahl, George Ernest,
119

STAIR (robot),
233

Stalin, Joseph,
250

“Standard Theory” of Feynman and Gell-Mann,
211
,
222

Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC),
211
,
213

Starry Messenger, The [Sidereus Nuncius]
(Galileo),
11
,
44
–
45
,
46
–
47

static societies,
251
,
253
,
254

Stefan's law,
162

stem cell research,
245
–
46

Stern, Otto,
183

Stern-Gerlach experiment,
209

Stevens, J. Christopher,
250

Stoney, George,
154

Strange Beauty
(Johnson),
217

“strangeness,”
212

string theory,
15
,
220
–
21
,
225
–
28

“heterotic string theory,”
227

superstring theory,
225

strong force,
171
,
212
,
213
,
214

“Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid, A” (Watson and Crick),
242
–
43

“Structure of the Atom, The” (Rutherford),
175

Strutt, John William.
See
Rayleigh, Lord (John William Strutt)

Stukeley, William,
68

“Subatomic Particle Is Breakthrough in Understanding [the] Basics of the Universe” (
Washington Post
),
221

subatomic particles,
149
–
54
,
155
–
59
,
162
–
64
,
173
–
217
,
204
,
211
–
15

having wave properties,
194
–
98

modern atomism

study of structure and subatomic particles,
162
–
64

WIMPs,
224
–
25
,
228
.

See also
baryons; bosons; “charm”; electrons; fermions; gluons; gravitons; hadrons; Higgs boson; J/Y particle; leptons; mesons; neutrinos; neutrons; particles, i.e., electrons, protons, bosons, leptons, etc.; photons; protons; quantum mechanics; quarks; “strangeness”

sun,
14
,
38
,
56
,
73
,
108
–
109
,
142

as center of solar system,
11
,
12
,
20
–
21
,
29
,
36
,
37
,
38
–
40
,
45
,
48
,
49
,
53
–
58
,
109
.
See also
geocentrism; heliocentrism

distance from,
40
,
68
,
75

gravitational force of,
55
,
64
,
75
,
168

length of a solar year,
20

orbits of planets around,
20
–
21

circular orbits,
29
,
36
–
37
,
43
,
55
,
78

elliptical orbits,
10
–
11
,
38
–
39
,
43
,
53
,
55
,
68
,
73
,
78

rising and setting of,
20
,
54

stability of,
48
,
49
,
58

sun spots,
47
,
53
,
58
.

See also
geocentrism; heliocentrism; solar system

superconducting collider, funding in US cut for,
228
–
29

superstring theory,
225

“super-symmetry theory,”
227

superweak force,
214

Susuki, Mahiko,
225

syllogistic logic,
22

symmetry

and spin,
210

supersymmetry,
215
,
227

symmetry breaking,
213

Tabula Rudophinæ[Rudolphine Tables]
(Kepler),
41

telescope,
36

Catholic Church opinions on,
47

Galileo's development of,
44
–
46
,
64

Newton's improvements on,
72

Thales,
19

Theodosius the Great,
33

Theophilus of Antioch,
33

thermodynamical law of Wien,
162

Thomas Aquinas, Saint,
21

Thomson, J. J.,
152
,
153
–
54
,
156
,
173
,
174
,
175
,
178
,
179

Thomson, Thomas,
95

Thomson, William.
See
Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson)

thymine (T),
243

tides,
57
–
58
,
68

Timaeus
(Plato),
190

time,
198

amd inclined plane experiment,
12
,
44
,
61
,
64

length of a solar year,
20

periodic times,
40
,
68

reversing time,
227

space-time,
207

absolute space and time cosmological theory of,
13
,
63
,
76
,
77
,
140
,
164
–
65
,
166
,
198

Einstein on,
140
,
141
,
145
,
167
,
168
,
188
,
203

space-time interval,
168

and speed of light,
75

time for revolutions of planets,
54

“twins paradox,”
169
–
70

and uncertainty principle,
200

Ting, Samuel,
211
,
213

tissue engineering,
244

Tomonaga, Sinitiro,
208

Traité de Chimie [Treatise on Chemistry]
(Lavoisier),
121

Traité de la lumière où sont expliquées les causes de ce qui arrive dans la réflexion et dans la réfraction. Et particulièrement dans l'étrange réfraction du cristal d'Islande
[Treatise on light explaining the cause of reflection and refraction. And particularly in the strange refraction of Island crystal] (Huygens),
142

transformation

Lorentz and Einstein transformation equations,
168

transmutation of radioactive substance,
157

Trowbridge, John,
215

Tsarnaev, Tamerlan, and Dzhokhar,
254

Turner, Michael S.,
221
–
22

20
/
20
Brain Power
,
240

“twins paradox,”
169
–
70

two-fluids system,
104
–
105

Uhlenbeck, George E.,
205

“ultraviolet catastrophe,”
160
,
161

uncertainty principle,
14
,
140
,
197
,
198
,
199
–
200
,
202
–
203
,
207
,
210

understanding, Bohr on meaning of,
189
–
90
,
204

unified theory,
15

Grand Unified Theory (GUT),
171
,
214

likelihood of finding,
228
,
229

of Newton,
144
–
45

of Pauli and Heisenberg,
227

unified field theory of Einstein,
15
,
171
,
225

uniformity of nature, principle of,
52
,
187

“Unity of All Elementary-Particle Forces” (Glashow and Georgi),
214

universal law of gravitation,
13
,
40
,
65
,
105
,
107

universe, age of,
217

uranium,
150
–
51
,
156
,
158
,
176
,
217
,
223

Urban VIII (pope),
12
,
47
,
56
,
57
,
58

V-A,
211

valences,
136
,
182

Van der Meer, Simon,
213

Veneziano, Gabriele,
225

Venus,
11
,
20
,
37
,
45
,
56

Vesalius, Andreas,
30
,
65

Villard, Paul,
157

Vincent, Nathaniel,
74

Vinta, Belisario,
52

violence,
250
–
54

“virtual particles,”
207
,
212

Volta, Alessandro,
131

vortices, theory of,
67
,
68

voyage au boulet
[twins paradox],
169
–
70

W
⁺
particles,
212
,
214