29
Tyndale (1907: 193 â 4).
31
Winlock (1941: 21 â 3).
33
Discussed by Arnold, in Winlock (1941: 16 â 17).
35
Maspero's contribution, âNote on the Life and Reign of Touatânkhamanou', to Davis's publication (1912:111 â 23) tactfully concentrates on Tutankhamen's Theban monuments and more or less ignores the discovery of his âtomb'.
37
Carter and Mace (1923: 76).
38
James (1992: 413 â 15).
43
Carter and Mace (1923: 86).
44
ibid. (87); Carter diary 1 November 1922; Cross (2008: 308, fig. 4).
45
Carter and Mace (1923: 89).
3 Recovery
2
The suggestion that a small group of people entered the Burial Chamber before the official unblocking of the inner door is made, among others, by Hoving (1978: 97).
3
Mervyn Herbert Journal, Middle East Centre, St Antony's College Oxford: fol. 369f.
6
The agreement is reproduced in full in James (1992: 418 â 22). Carnarvon may well have been influenced in his decision by the fact that the Royal Geographical Society had struck a ground-breaking deal for the coverage of the 1921 Everest Expedition, and that had worked out well for all concerned.
7
Both telegrams quoted in Allen (2006: 10).
8
The arguments for and against Adamson's account are summarised in Zwar (2007).
9
Carter and Mace (1923: 134).
11
Carter gives the date of the opening of the Burial Chamber as 17 February, but independent writings by Mace, Hall and Mrs Burton confirm that it was actually 16 February 1923. (James 1992: 246).
12
Diary of Mervyn Herbert, Cairo Museum. Quoted in Reeves (1992: 82).
13
Carter and Mace (1923: 182).
15
Winstone quoting Breastead (2008: 198).
23
Carter and Mace (1923: 184).
25
Carter believed that he had been born in 1873; his official documents, including his
Who's Who
entries and even his obituaries, carry this date. However, his birth certificate makes it clear that he was born a year later.
4 Inventory
1
The Times
, 30 November 1922.
3
ibid., 14 February 1923.
5
Carter (1933: 163 â 4).
6
Scott (1927: 197 â 9). There is some confusion between Scott's account and Carter's (1927: 43) as to when the strengthening agent was applied to the cloth.
7
Carter and Mace (1923: 114). The âshirts' are likely to be tunics.
8
As Vogelsang-Eastwood observes âthere is⦠a certain prejudice on the side of (the mostly male) Egyptologists as regards the question of whether textiles and costume constitute a serious and “academic” field of study.' (1999: 4).
9
ibid. (1923: 120);
New York Times
, 7 February 1923.
10
Pfister (1937); Crowfoot and Davies (1941).
11
Vogelsang-Eastwood (1999).
12
Measurements calculated by the Tutankhamen Textile Project, Vogelsang-Eastwood (1999: 17 â 19).
13
Carter (1927: 12 â 13).
14
Peter Green quoted in Frayling (1992: 265); Reeves (1990: 208).
15
Carter quotes Sir Gardner Wilkinson (1927:139 â 40). The subheading to this section is taken from Daniel Miller's identically titled publication; an exploration of the importance of personal possessions written from the viewpoint of a social anthropologist. Miller (2008).
17
He was not the only king confused over this matter; a scene in the mortuary temple of the 19th Dynasty Ramesses III shows the Dead Ramesses performing menial agricultural work before Osiris.
19
The ears on Tutankhamen's innermost coffin, and on his gold mask, were also pierced for earrings, but the holes had subsequently been covered with small gold discs.
20
Carter and Mace (1923: 172).
21
Smith (1912: 38 â 9).
22
Bickerstaffe (2009: 105 â 112).
24
Eaton-Krauss (1993); Robins (1984).
25
Carter and Mace (1923: 117).
26
Eaton Krass (2008: 26).
27
Aldred (1978: 57); Arnold (1996: 107).
28
Carter and Mace (1923: 119). Tutankhamen was buried with four thrones, four chairs, eleven stools and twelve footstools: Eaton-Krauss (2008: 21).
29
The scenes on Tutankhamen's shrine are discussed in Troy (1986: 100ff.). See also Bosse-Griffiths (1973).
5 Autopsy
1
Carter prepares for Tutankhamen's autopsy. Carter (1927: 106).
2
Letter from Carter to Derry, 11 July 1926. Quoted in Leek (1972: 1).
3
The Histories
2: 86. Translation by A. de Sélincourt (1954:115). It is not actually certain that Herodotus visited Egypt.
4
Experts generally agree that dry natron salt would be used, although some haver argued that natron solution would have been more effective.
5
After discussion with Robert Lonyes and Rosalie David, I have become aware of just how difficult some of the aspects of traditional mummification and bandaging must have been to achieve (pers. comm., July 2011). Loynes is currently addressing some of these difficulties in his ongoing Manchester University PhD thesis.
7
The Times
, 3 February 1923.
8
ibid., 13 February 1923.
10
For the fear of being buried alive, and the lengths that some were prepared to adopt to avoid this grisly fate, see Bondeson (2001).
11
For the fear of autopsy and dissection, see MacDonald (2005).
12
See, for example, Dannenfeldt (1985).
14
Wolfe (2009: 227). Dr Douglas, at this stage in his life a respected surgeon, had many years earlier been force to flee New York for the crime of body-snatching.
15
Edwards (1888: 450 â 51).
16
âMummies as Bric-a-Brac': the Boston
Congregationalist,
16 August 1882, originally published in
Harper's Magazine
. Quoted in Wolfe (2009: 201).
17
Day (2006: 36); Wolfe (2009: 227 â 9).
18
David (2007: 99 â 113) discusses the importance of the original âTwo Brothers' autopsy. Murray had worked as a nurse in Calcutta before realising that she was too short for her chosen profession.
20
Carter object card/transcription no 256b-05.
23
Quoted in Marchant (2011: 45).
24
See, for example, Bucaille (1990).
25
See, for example, Forbes (1992).
26
Chronicle: Tutankhamen post mortem
, 25 October 1969; Harrison (1971); Harrison and Abdalla (1972). I am very grateful to Robert Connolly of Liverpool University for permission to publish some of these images in this book.
27
Harris and Wente (1980).
29
Carter diary 11 and 12 November 1925.
30
ibid., 16 November 1925.
33
Leek (1972: 17 â 18).
34
Connolly, Harrison and Ahmed (1976).
35
Quoted in Marchant (2011: 45).
37
See, for example, David (2007: 119 â 20).
40
Boyer, Rodin, Grey and Connolly (2003: 1145 â 6).
42
Boyer, Rodin, Grey and Connolly (2003: 1146 â 7).
6 Family
3
Bickerstaffe (2009: 97) asks whether this mummy is Nebmaatre Amenhotep III or the similarly named 20th Dynasty Nebmaatre Ramesses VI.
4
The Supreme Council of Antiquities are to be congratulated on their pioneering work in this field.
7
See, for example, Van Dijk (2000: 275): âsome scholars have opted for such a period of joint rule lasting for some twelve years, others have at best admitted
the possibility of a short overlap of one or two years, whereas the majority of scholars reject it entirely'.
8
Hawass
et al.
(2010: 639).
9
Reeves (1981: 53) has suggested that âthe possibility of some loss or confusion of the original skeletal material between the time of the discovery in early 1907 and Elliot Smith's examination later that same year cannot be ruled out': it is equally likely that the material may have been misidentified since Elliot Smith's preliminary examination.
11
Smith (1912: 53 â 4).
14
Quoted in Tyldesley (2000:132).
15
Wente and Harris (1992).
16
âDr Selim [radiologist Ashraf Selim] noted that the spine showed, in addition to slight scoliosis, significant degenerative changes associated with age. He said that although it is difficult to determine the age of an individual from bones alone, he might put the mummy's age as high as 60.' Quoted in Mystery of the Mummy from KV 55: Zahi Hawass website
www.guardiansnet/hawass/articles/Mystery%200f%20the%20Mummy%20from%20KV55.htm
.
17
For a consideration of the evidence for Nefertiti's life, including a discussion of the evidence for Nefertiti as king, see Tyldesley (2005).
18
The Lady Tiye has exactly the same name as Queen Tiy; to avoid confusion I have given them different modern spellings.
19
Loeben (1986). The two
shabti
pieces are now in Brooklyn Museum and the Louvre, Paris.
21
Alternative theorists have suggested that she may have been reincarnated as, among others, Cleopatra, Marie Antoinette, Isadora Duncan, Marilyn Monroe and Princess Diana.
22
Gabolde (1998: 153 â 7); Dodson (2009: 36 â 8).
23
Discussed in Allen (2009).
24
Harris (1973a); (1973b); (1974).
26
Tyldesley (2006: 121 â 2).
27
The
sistrum
is a sacred rattle shaken by women in praise of Hathor, its slightly metallic sound recalling the rustling of the papyrus thicket from which Hathor the divine cow emerged. An equally pleasing sound could be produced by shaking a beaded
menyt
necklace.
28
Tyldesley (2006: 113 â 14).
31
A relief recovered from Hermopolis Magna, now housed in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, appears to show her performing this function.
32
Hanke (1978: 190 â 91); see also Harris (1974b).
33
The Times
, 19 December 1922.
34
Martin (1989: 37 â 41).
35
Gabolde (1998: 107 â 10).
36
Green (1996: 15 and endnote 56).
37
Pendlebury (1935); Davies (1923: 133). For other references to Nefertiti's âdisgrace', see Seele (1955).
38
For full details of the death of Meketaten, consult Martin (1989: 42 â 8); El-Khouly and Martin (1984: 8, 16); Arnold (1996: 115).
41
Davies (1905: 36 â 45).
43
Darnell and Manassa (2007: 44 â 7).