Tutankhamen (42 page)
Authors: Joyce Tyldesley
47
Derry, quoted in Leek (1972: 21 â 3).
Derry, quoted in Leek (1972: 21 â 3).
48
Reeves (1990: 123).
Reeves (1990: 123).
50
Chamberlain (2001); Hellier and Connolly (2009).
Chamberlain (2001); Hellier and Connolly (2009).
52
Phizackerley (2010).
Phizackerley (2010).
53
Both pieces of circumstantial evidence are suggested by Booth (2007: 80).
Both pieces of circumstantial evidence are suggested by Booth (2007: 80).
54
Darnell and Manassa (2007: 178 â 84).
Darnell and Manassa (2007: 178 â 84).
55
Güterbock (1959: 94 â 5).
Güterbock (1959: 94 â 5).
56
Schulman (1978: 43).
Schulman (1978: 43).
57
Güterbock.
Güterbock.
58
Now in the collections of Berlin Museum.
7 RestorationNow in the collections of Berlin Museum.
1
Carter (1927: 20).
Carter (1927: 20).
2
Some are extremely successful authors in this genre, the best known being, perhaps, Egyptologist Barbara Mertz, who writes the Amelia Peabody series under the pen-name Elizabeth Peters. Amelia, an intrepid late Victorian â Edwardian lady Egyptologist, is present in the Valley of the Kings as many of the events in this book unfold.
Part II: Tutankhamen: Life after DeathSome are extremely successful authors in this genre, the best known being, perhaps, Egyptologist Barbara Mertz, who writes the Amelia Peabody series under the pen-name Elizabeth Peters. Amelia, an intrepid late Victorian â Edwardian lady Egyptologist, is present in the Valley of the Kings as many of the events in this book unfold.
1
Goldacre (2008: 243).
Goldacre (2008: 243).
2
Aaronovitch (2009: 5).
Aaronovitch (2009: 5).
3
Developed, somewhat tongue in cheek, after consultation with colleagues. Tyldesley's Law can be applied to âbig theories' (aliens, supernatural powers, etc.) and âsmall theories' (the use of cosmetics, homeopathy, etc.). Once aware of the law, it is impossible to avoid noticing just how often random inventions and innovations are attributed to the ancient Egyptians.
8 Tutankhamen's CurseDeveloped, somewhat tongue in cheek, after consultation with colleagues. Tyldesley's Law can be applied to âbig theories' (aliens, supernatural powers, etc.) and âsmall theories' (the use of cosmetics, homeopathy, etc.). Once aware of the law, it is impossible to avoid noticing just how often random inventions and innovations are attributed to the ancient Egyptians.
1
Carter and White (1923). The story is retold here in abbreviated form.
Carter and White (1923). The story is retold here in abbreviated form.
2
Letter written by Winlock to Edward Robinson, Director of the Metropolitan Museum, New York, 28 March 1923. Quoted at length in Hoving (1978: 82).
Letter written by Winlock to Edward Robinson, Director of the Metropolitan Museum, New York, 28 March 1923. Quoted at length in Hoving (1978: 82).
3
James (1992: 94).
James (1992: 94).
4
The development of our fascination with âthe mummy' as a character is discussed in Day (2006).
The development of our fascination with âthe mummy' as a character is discussed in Day (2006).
5
Coates and Bell (1903: 21).
Coates and Bell (1903: 21).
6
Figures taken from UK government statistics.
Figures taken from UK government statistics.
7
Winifred Burghclere in Carter and Mace (1923: 27).
Winifred Burghclere in Carter and Mace (1923: 27).
8
Winifred Burghclere in ibid. (39).
Winifred Burghclere in ibid. (39).
9
Hoving (1978: 229 â 30).
Hoving (1978: 229 â 30).
10
Lord Carnarvon quoted in Vandenberg (1975: 27).
Lord Carnarvon quoted in Vandenberg (1975: 27).
11
Vandenberg (1975: 20).
Vandenberg (1975: 20).
12
ibid. (20).
ibid. (20).
13
Carter (1933: 33, 40 â 41).
Carter (1933: 33, 40 â 41).
14
Hoving (1978: 227).
Hoving (1978: 227).
15
ââ¦the prime function of an ancient Egyptian tomb is to act as a vehicle for salvation in the afterlife, whatever the specific nature(s) of that afterlife': Snape (2011: 212).
ââ¦the prime function of an ancient Egyptian tomb is to act as a vehicle for salvation in the afterlife, whatever the specific nature(s) of that afterlife': Snape (2011: 212).
16
ibid. (80).
ibid. (80).
17
Strudwick (2005: 217 â 18).
Strudwick (2005: 217 â 18).
18
ibid. (437).
ibid. (437).
19
Vandenberg (1975: 12).
Vandenberg (1975: 12).
20
Unpublished article quoted in James (1992: 371).
Unpublished article quoted in James (1992: 371).
22
Nelson (2002).
Nelson (2002).
23
Conan Doyle was firmly convinced by the âCottingley Fairies', photographed in 1917 by schoolgirls Elsie Wright and Frances Griffiths. The fairies were exposed as a hoax in the 1980s.
Conan Doyle was firmly convinced by the âCottingley Fairies', photographed in 1917 by schoolgirls Elsie Wright and Frances Griffiths. The fairies were exposed as a hoax in the 1980s.
25
Lucas (1927: 165 â 6).
Lucas (1927: 165 â 6).
26
Dean (2002: 95 â 6).
Dean (2002: 95 â 6).
27
Dean (1975).
Dean (1975).
28
Comment attributed to Luis Bulgarini (1949): âthe power of radiation' as a tomb defence is discussed in more detail in Vandenberg (1975: 190 â 94).
Comment attributed to Luis Bulgarini (1949): âthe power of radiation' as a tomb defence is discussed in more detail in Vandenberg (1975: 190 â 94).
29
Weigall's biography, written by his granddaughter Julie Hankey, stresses this link through its title,
A Passion for Egypt: Arthur Weigall, Tutankhamun and the âCurse of the Pharaohs
' (2001).
Weigall's biography, written by his granddaughter Julie Hankey, stresses this link through its title,
A Passion for Egypt: Arthur Weigall, Tutankhamun and the âCurse of the Pharaohs
' (2001).
30
An often-quoted statement: see, for example, Hoving (1978: 194).
An often-quoted statement: see, for example, Hoving (1978: 194).
31
Weigall (1923: 136).
Weigall (1923: 136).
32
Smith (1923: 10).
Smith (1923: 10).
33
Weigall (1923: 316 â 17).
Weigall (1923: 316 â 17).
34
ibid. (138).
ibid. (138).
35
A mummy board is a decorated mask and open case which formed part of the mummy's funerary provision.
A mummy board is a decorated mask and open case which formed part of the mummy's funerary provision.
36
Frayling (1992: xiii).
9 Secrets and LiesFrayling (1992: xiii).
1
Howard Carter reflects on the role of the Egyptologist: unpublished account of the robbery of the tomb of Amenhotep II, Archives of the Griffith Institute, Oxford. Quoted in James (1992: 387).
Howard Carter reflects on the role of the Egyptologist: unpublished account of the robbery of the tomb of Amenhotep II, Archives of the Griffith Institute, Oxford. Quoted in James (1992: 387).
2
Reeves (1985).
Reeves (1985).
3
The
nemes
headcloth, the headcloth seen on Tutankhamen's funerary mask, covers the crown, back of the head and nape of the neck, and has a large flap of cloth descending behind each ear to the shoulder. The
khat
headdress is a simplified version of the
nemes
, and lacks the front flaps.
The
nemes
headcloth, the headcloth seen on Tutankhamen's funerary mask, covers the crown, back of the head and nape of the neck, and has a large flap of cloth descending behind each ear to the shoulder. The
khat
headdress is a simplified version of the
nemes
, and lacks the front flaps.
4
Carter (1927: 41).
Carter (1927: 41).
6
Quoted in Hankey (2001: 265).
Quoted in Hankey (2001: 265).
7
Budge (1920: 143 â 4).
Budge (1920: 143 â 4).
8
Lilyquist (2003).
Lilyquist (2003).
9
James (1992: 315).
James (1992: 315).
10
See, for example, Hoving (1978: 323 â 5).
See, for example, Hoving (1978: 323 â 5).
11
Quoted in James (1992: 353).
Quoted in James (1992: 353).
12
ibid. (326).
ibid. (326).
13
Reeves (1988).
Reeves (1988).
14
Winstone (2008: 328).
Winstone (2008: 328).
15
See for example ibid. (330).
See for example ibid. (330).
16
Foreign Office diary 7 December 1939. Quoted in Winstone (2008: 330).
Foreign Office diary 7 December 1939. Quoted in Winstone (2008: 330).
17
Reeves (1997).
Reeves (1997).
19
Hoving (1978: 16).
Hoving (1978: 16).
21
Quoted in Winstone (2008: 184).
Quoted in Winstone (2008: 184).
22
Hoving (1978: 350 â 57: 350): â⦠despite the nationalists' law, a certain number of treasures from the tomb did leave Egypt â through Carter and Lord
Carnarvon. Their action has been, for more than fifty years, one of the best-kept secrets in the history of Egyptology.'
Epilogue: Tutankhamen AbroadHoving (1978: 350 â 57: 350): â⦠despite the nationalists' law, a certain number of treasures from the tomb did leave Egypt â through Carter and Lord
Carnarvon. Their action has been, for more than fifty years, one of the best-kept secrets in the history of Egyptology.'
1
Malek (2007: 3).
Malek (2007: 3).
2
For post-Tutankhamen Egyptianisation, see Curl (1994: 211 â 20); for the parallel but more muted Egyptian phenomenon, see Colla (2007: 13).
For post-Tutankhamen Egyptianisation, see Curl (1994: 211 â 20); for the parallel but more muted Egyptian phenomenon, see Colla (2007: 13).
3
Graves and Hodge (1940: 126).
Graves and Hodge (1940: 126).
4
Frayling (1992: 33).
Frayling (1992: 33).
5
ibid. (36).
ibid. (36).
6
Other permanent British replica Tutankhamen exhibitions are maintained in Dorchester, and at Highclere. It is perhaps not the organiser's fault if some of the visitors to these attractions believe that they have seen the real grave goods. A less faithful reproduction is provided by the 2005 â 6 installation âKing Tat', by artists Shaun Doyle and Mally Mallison; an artwork inspired by the British Empire Exhibition tomb.
Other permanent British replica Tutankhamen exhibitions are maintained in Dorchester, and at Highclere. It is perhaps not the organiser's fault if some of the visitors to these attractions believe that they have seen the real grave goods. A less faithful reproduction is provided by the 2005 â 6 installation âKing Tat', by artists Shaun Doyle and Mally Mallison; an artwork inspired by the British Empire Exhibition tomb.
7
Edwards (2000: 271 â 2). The facts and figures given here are taken from his autobiography (2000: 296).
Edwards (2000: 271 â 2). The facts and figures given here are taken from his autobiography (2000: 296).
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Colour Plate Section1. Extract from the king list taken from the Abydos cenotaph temple of Ramesses II (British Museum: © S. Snape)
2. Head of a colossal statue of Akhenaten, recovered from the Karnak temple. (Cairo Museum: © S. Snape).
3. Example of Amarna art style, showing Akhenaten (Berlin Museum: © S. Snape).
4. Nefertiti, consort of Akhenaten, depicted as a mature woman (Berlin Museum: © S. Snape).
5. The Amarna royal family (Berlin Musuem: © S. Snape).
6. Limestone relief head of Kiya, (Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen: © S. Snape).
7. A damaged votive stela of unknown provenance, dedicated by the soldier Pasi (Berlin Museum: © S. Snape).
8. An Amarna king and an Amarna queen (Berlin Museum: © S. Snape).
9. The badly damaged head of the anthropoid coffin recovered from tomb KV 55 (Cairo Museum: © S. Snape).
10. Statue of the god Amen, in the Karnak temple (© S. Snape).
11. The god Amen and his consort Mut, in the Luxor temple (© S. Snape).
12. Tutankhamen usurped by Horenheb (© S. Snape).
13. Unlabelled limestone head, recovered from Amarna (Berlin Museum: © S. Snape).
14. The goddesses Isis (left: west) and Serket (south) stand with outstretched arms to protect the gilded canopic chest containing Tutankhamen's preserved internal organs. (Cairo Museum: © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford).
15. Tutankhamen, wearing the White Crown of southern Egypt, and carrying the staff and flail which denote his royal authority, stands on the back of a leopard (Cairo Museum: © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford).
16. The golden face of Tutankhamen (Cairo Museum: © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford).
1. Tomb KV 62 (Theban Mapping Project)
2. Cross section of the Valley of the Kings, courtesy of Steve Cross
3. Tomb KV 55 (Theban Mapping Project)
4. Scrap of gold foil from a chariot harness, recovered from Tomb KV 58
5. The âPainted Box' © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford
6. Lord Carnarvon and Howard Carter: removing the sealed doorway © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford
7. Carter and Callender protecting a guardian statue before removal from the tomb © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford
8. Tutankhamen's âwishing cup' © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford
9. Tutankhamen's âmannequin' © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford 1
10. Mummy known as the âElder Lady' (Smith, 1912, plate XCVII)
11. Tutankhamen's âGolden Throne' © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford
12. The âLittle Golden Shrine' © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford
13. The âOpening of the Mouth ceremony', scene from north wall of Burial Chamber © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford
14/15/16. X-rays by Harrison, reproduced with the kind permission of Liverpool University
17. Tutankhamen's golden ostrich-feather fan © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford
18. Skull from Tomb KV 55 (Smith, 1912, plate XXXVII)
19. Harrison X-ray of skull, reproduced with the kind permission of Liverpool University
20. Mummy known as the âYounger Lady' (Smith, 1912, plate XCIX) 1
21. Tutankhamen, modern reconstruction by J. Fox-Davies 1
22. Tutankhamen as Re © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford 2
While every effort has been made to contact copyright-holders of illustrations, the author and publishers would be grateful for information about any illustrations where they have been unable to trace them, and would be glad to make amendments in further editions.
Cartouches: The official names of the king known today simply as Tutankhamen: Tutankhamen Nebkheperure.
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The New World
1:1.
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Aldred, C. (1988),
Akhenaten, King of Egypt
, London: Thames & Hudson.
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Aldred, C. (1978), Tradition and Revolution in the Art of the XVIIIth Dynasty, in D. Schmandt-Besserat, ed.,
Immortal Egypt: Invited Lectures on the Middle East at the University of Texas at Austin
. Undena: 51 â 72.
Immortal Egypt: Invited Lectures on the Middle East at the University of Texas at Austin
. Undena: 51 â 72.
Allen, J. P. (2009), The Amarna Succession, in P. J. Brand and L. Cooper, eds,
Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane
. Leiden: Brill: 9 â 20.
Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane
. Leiden: Brill: 9 â 20.
Allen, J. P. (1988), Two Altered Inscriptions of the Late Amarna Period,
Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
25: 117 â 26.
Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
25: 117 â 26.
Allen, S. J. (2006),
Tutankhamun's Tomb: the Thrill of Discovery. Photographs by Harry Burton
. New Haven and London: Yale University Press and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Tutankhamun's Tomb: the Thrill of Discovery. Photographs by Harry Burton
. New Haven and London: Yale University Press and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Arnold, D. (1996),
The Royal Women of Amarna: Images of Beauty from Ancient Egypt.
New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
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Baikie, J. (1917),
The Story of the Pharaohs
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. London: A. & C. Black, Ltd.
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Archaeology
45:6: 77.
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45:6: 77.
Bell, M. A. (1990), An Armchair Excavation of KV 55,
Journal of the American Research Center
27: 97 â 137.
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27: 97 â 137.
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