Authors: Andrei Lankov
Kim, Sam-yong,
14
Kim, Tu-bong,
14
Korea
Communist movement,
3
post World War II,
1
–4
See also
North Korea (DPRK); South Korea (ROK)
Korea Economic Institute,
236
Korean Communist movement,
3
Korean Energy Development Organization (KEDO),
151
–52,
154
,
172
Korean War
impact on Korean society,
11
–12,
16
,
28
“Second Korean War,”
28
–29
Korean Workers’ Party (KWP)
and Korean War,
11
membership in,
40
and
Rodong Shinmun
(newspaper),
18
,
99
–102
Ko, Y
ŏ
ng-h
ŭ
i,
55
K
ŭ
mgang Mountain tourist zone,
165
–67,
175
Laos,
95
life expectancy,
64
See also
health care
Lim, Un,
22
Maoism,
16
,
17
,
50
,
72
,
110
,
135
,
213
Mao, Zedong
and early Communism,
5
personality cult,
50
political persecution by,
46
successor to,
68
See also
Maoism
March 1st Uprising of 1919,
52
markets
during currency reform,
129
,
130
,
132
during Kim Il Sung’s era,
36
government crackdowns,
108
,
119
–23,
126
,
129
,
130
,
132
government tolerance of,
36
,
120
,
121
,
130
,
132
as necessary income source,
82
,
83
–85,
108
See also
economy of North Korea; private enterprise
marriage
and housing,
37
and s
ŏ
ngbun system,
42
methamphetamines,
86
military spending,
71
–72
Milne, A.A.,
139
Ministry for Protection of State Security (MPSS),
49
Mongolia,
95
Mun, Ik-hwan,
224
Nam, Sung-wook,
236
narcotics.
See
drugs
National Defense Commission,
138
Noland, Marcus,
189
North Korea (DPRK)
capital of.
See
Pyongyang, N.K.
literature,
80
–82
natural resources,
xi
,
87
,
162
,
181
,
182
See also
economy of North Korea; foreign aid; North Korean diplomacy; North Korean leadership (Kim family regime); nuclear weapons program;
North Korea headings
North Korea (Kim Il Sung era/1948-1994)
abductions,
22
–23
clothing,
87
Communism,
3
–4,
5
–6,
8
–9,
16
–17,
52
–53
control and surveillance.
See
daily life of citizens
economy,
19
,
20
,
21
,
26
,
27
,
66
–67,
70
,
71
–74,
118
–19
education.
See
education
employment.
See
employment
ethnic returnees from Japan,
23
–24,
48
foreign policy,
15
–24
gender relations,
24
–26
government counterfeiting,
21
–22
government smuggling,
20
–22
health care,
64
–66
ideology and propaganda,
50
–53,
56
–61,
66
,
67
–68
Korean War.
See
Korean War
national Stalinism,
xii
,
1
,
34
,
50
,
75
,
82
,
190
North Korean Constitution,
6
political persecution.
See
political persecution
prison camps.
See
political persecution
Pueblo
seizure,
30
–31
purges of party leadership,
12
–15,
26
,
27
,
52
refugees to South Korea,
7
–8
relations with China,
11
,
19
–20,
73
–74,
75
,
76
and Sino-Soviet split,
16
–20,
28
,
76
Soviet role in,
1
–3,
4
,
6
–9,
10
,
11
–12,
16
–20,
28
,
50
,
142
–43,
156
,
183
travel.
See
daily life of citizens
See also
Kim, Il Sung
North Korea (Kim Jong Il era/1994-2011)
agriculture in.
See
agriculture
awareness of outside world,
102
–08
cell phones,
97
computers,
103
–04
corruption and bribery,
77
,
89
–91,
92
,
93
criminal activities,
86
–87
currency reform,
126
–32
dates of,
76
food.
See
food supply
foreign aid.
See
foreign aid
joint North-South enterprises,
164
–70,
219
–20,
221
military service,
107
newly rich citizens,
91
–93
political crimes,
89
–90
refugees to China,
94
–95,
102
–03,
123
refugees to South Korea,
95
–99
remittances from South Korea,
97
riots,
107
–08
smuggling,
90
special economic zones (SEZ),
170
–72
weakening of government controls,
89
–90,
107
–08
See also
Kim, Jong Il
North Korea (present into future)
awareness of outside world,
190
–91,
214
–17,
225
potential for crisis,
xiv
–xv,
191
–96
potential for reform,
xiv
,
141
–42,
258
potential for stability,
196
–202
succession of Kim Jong Un,
26
,
51
,
55
,
133
–35,
136
–42,
252
two possible outcomes,
202
See also
Kim, Jong Un; North Korean diplomacy; nuclear weapons program; opening to outside world; unification
North Korean diplomacy
international incidents
death of South Korean housewife,
175
detention of US journalists,
176
–77
Kaes
ŏ
ng city tours,
175
shelling of Yeongpyeong,
179
sinking of
Cheonan
,
179
key relationships
United States,
151
–52,
154
–55,
176
–79,
210
–12
potential international responses
acceptance of nuclear program,
252
–55
hard-line strategies,
203
–08,
258
military reprisals,
204
–06
sanctions,
206
–08
short-term strategies,
252
–56
six-party talks,
155
,
157
,
200
,
255
–56
“strategic patience,”
177
,
210
–12,
216
“three no’s” approach,
253
–55
U.S. security guarantees,
209
–10
tactics
brinksmanship,
xi
–xii,
xiii
,
xv
,
172
,
188
charm offensives,
176
–77
crisis manufacturing,
175
–76,
177
–79,
211
See also
foreign aid; nuclear weapons program
North Korean leadership (Kim family regime)
behavior as survival strategy,
xii
,
xiii
–xiv,
xv
,
109
,
111
–12,
132
,
190
,
207
,
209
,
211
,
212
–13,
257
,
260
fears of retribution,
115
,
118
,
250
female bureaucrats,
26
personality cults,
32
,
33
,
214
–15
portraits and iconography,
32
–34
potential future collapse,
xiv
–xv,
216
,
233
–34,
258
resistance to reforms,
xv
,
75
,
109
,
110
–19,
120
,
145
,
189
–90,
215
–16
South Korea as difficulty for,
xiii
,
43
,
112
–15,
118
,
214
–15
North-South Joint Communiqué,
31
Norway,
20
–21
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty,
148
,
151
,
154
,
181
,
254
nuclear weapons program
Agreed Framework treaty,
151
Chinese views of,
180
,
181
–82,
184
,
185
as diplomatic brinksmanship,
xii
,
xv
,
138
–39,
145
,
147
,
149
–57,
209
–10
highly enriched uranium program,
153
–54,
179
military purposes,
149