History of the Jews (105 page)

75.
  
Sifra 45d;
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, xii 568.

76.
  
Eusebius (died
c
. 359
AD
) summarized much of this tradition in his
Praeparatio Evangelica
, 9:26-7 etc.

77.
  
Josephus,
Contra Apion
, 2:154.

78.
  
Philo,
Questiones et Solutiones in Gesesin
, 4:152;
De Providentia
, 111.

79.
  
Numenius,
Fragments
(ed. E. A. Leemans, 1937), 19, 32.

80.
  
Reproduced in Josephus,
Contra Apion
, 1:228ff; Theodore Reinach,
Textes d’auteurs grecs et romains rélatifs au Judaisme
(Paris 1895).

81.
  
Marx to Engels, 10 May 1861; 30 July 1862:
Marx-Engels Works
, vol. xxx, 165, 259.

82.
  
Moses and Monotheism
(London 1939).

83.
  
Exodus 1:9-10.

84.
  
C. J. Gadd,
Ideas of Divine Rule in the Ancient Near East
(London 1948).

85.
  
Speiser,
op. cit
.

86.
  
Enid B. Mellor (ed.),
The Making of the Old Testament
(Cambridge 1972).

87.
  
For examples of codes see James B. Pritchard (ed.),
Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament
(3rd edn, Princeton 1969).

88.
  
Moshe Greenberg, ‘Some Postulates of Biblical Criminal Law’, in Goldin,
op. cit
.

89.
  
Deuteronomy 22:22-3; Leviticus 20:10.

90.
  
Exodus 21:22ff.

91.
  
Exodus 21:29; see A. van Selms, ‘The Goring Ox in Babylonian and Biblical Law’,
Archiv Orientali
18 (1950).

92.
  
Deuteronomy 24:16; 5:9; Exodus 20:5. There are, however, examples of the law of talion applying in the Biblical narratives, for example Saul’s sons. Joshua 7;
II
Samuel 21.

93.
  
Deuteronomy 25:3; E. A. Hoebel:
The Law of Primitive Man
(Harvard 1954); G. R. Driver and J. C. Miles,
The Babylonian Laws
, 2 vols (Oxford 1952); W. Kornfeld, ‘L’Adultère dans l’orient antique’,
Revue biblique
57 (1950).

94.
  
J. J. Stamm and M. E. Andrew,
The Ten Commandments in Recent Research
(New York 1967).

95.
  
Pritchard,
Ancient Near Eastern Texts
, 35.

96.
  
G. Mendenhall,
Biblical Archaeology
17 (1954).

97.
  
Set out conveniently, with Biblical text references, in
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, v 763-82.

98.
  
Exodus 21:1 to 22:16; O. Eissfeldt in
Cambridge Ancient History
,
II
ii ch. xxxiv, 563: see J. P. M. Smith,
The Origin and History of Hebrew Law
(Chicago 1960).

99.
  
A. van Selms,
Marriage and Family Life in Ugaritic Literature
(New York 1954).

100.
  
D. R. Mace,
Hebrew Marriage
(New York 1953).

101.
  
Roland de Vaux,
Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions
(trans., New York 1961), 46-7.

102.
  
J. M. Sasson, ‘Circumcision in the Ancient Near East’,
Journal of Biblical Literature
, 85 (1966).

103.
  
Exodus 4:25; Joshua 5:2-3.

104.
  
Baron,
op. cit
., i
I
6-7.

105.
  
Ezekiel 20:12.

106.
  
Leviticus 17:14; Genesis 9:4; Genesis 38:24. See I. M. Price, ‘Swine in Old Testament Taboos’,
Journal of Biblical Literature
44 (1925).

107.
  
I
Kings 22:11.

108.
  
II
Kings 2:23.

109.
  
A. H. Godbey, ‘Incense and Poison Ordeals in the Ancient Orient’,
American Journal of Semitic Languages
, 46 (1929-30).

110.
  
See examples with references in George Fohrer,
History of Israelite Religion
(trans., London 1973), 233.

111.
  
Von Rad,
op. cit
., ‘Some Aspects of the Old Testament World View’.

112.
  
Exodus 34: 13-16.

113.
  
This was the view of the Mishraic sage Simeon ben Assai; Sifra on Leviticus 19:18.

114.
  
Contra Apionem
(Loeb Classic 1951), ii 165.

115.
  
Berakot 2, 2.

116.
  
De Specialibus legibus
(Loeb Classics 1950), iv 237.

117.
  
Belkin,
op. cit
., 15-18.

118.
  
I
Corinthians 1:19-20.

119.
  
For a discussion of the site of Mt Sinai, see
Cambridge Ancient History
,
II
ii 324ff.

120.
  
Baron,
op. cit
., i
I
48-9.

121.
  
Ibid
., i
I
23.

122.
  
Cf. W. F. Albright, ‘Exploring in Sinai with the University of California Expedition’,
Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research
, 109 (1948).

123.
  
Cambridge Ancient History
,
II
ii 327.

124.
  
Exodus 17:8-13.

125.
  
Numbers 27:15-21; Deuteronomy 34:9.

126.
  
Joshua 6:16-20.

127.
  
Joshua 6:21, 26; Kathleen Kenyon,
Digging Up Jericho
(London 1957).

128.
  
Joshua 9:27.

129.
  
James B. Pritchard,
Gibeon, Where the Sun Stood Still: The Discovery of a Biblical City
(Princeton 1962).

130.
  
Joshua 10:9-13.

131.
  
Joshua 11:4-11.

132.
  
Yigael Yadin,
Hazor: The Rediscovery of a Great City of the Bible
(London 1975).

133.
  
Joshua 24:13.

134.
  
W. F. Albright,
From the Stone Age to Christianity
(Baltimore 1946), 194, 212, and
Archaeology and the Religion of Israel
(3rd edn, Baltimore 1953), 3, 102.

135.
  
Baron,
op. cit
.,
II
55.

136.
  
Judges 4:8.

137.
  
Judges 3:15-30.

138.
  
Judges 4:17-21.

139.
  
Judges 11:1-3.

140.
  
Judges 11:37.

141.
  
Judges 16:28.

142.
  
See A. van Selms in
Journal of Near Eastern Studies
, 9 (1950).

143.
  
Judges 12:5-6.

144.
  
I
Samuel 21:13-14.

145.
  
II
Samuel 23:20-1.

146.
  
Judges 9.

147.
  
Joshua 24:8, 13; Judges 11:17ff.;
II
Samuel 7:23; Numbers 33:50ff.

148.
  
Deuteronomy 9:4ff.; see also 18:9-14, 29:22ff. and Psalms 44:3.

149.
  
T. Dothan, ‘Archaeological Reflections on the Philistine Problem’,
Antiquity and Survival
2, 2/3 (1957).

150.
  
J. A. Montgomery, ‘Archival Data in the Book of Kings’,
Journal of Biblical Literature
, 53 (1934).

151.
  
I
Samuel 10:5.

152.
  
II
Kings 3:15.

153.
  
Isaiah 28:7.

154.
  
I
Samuel 2:19.

155.
  
I
Samuel 15:22.

156.
  
Grant,
History of Ancient Israel
, 118.

157.
  
I
Samuel 7:16-17.

158.
  
I
Samuel 10:17; 12:1-25.

159.
  
I
Samuel 10:25.

160.
  
S. Mowinckel, ‘General Oriental and Specific Israelite Elements in the Israelite Conception of the Sacral Kingdom’,
Numen
, iv (1959).

161.
  
I
Samuel 8:22.

162.
  
I
Samuel 15:3.

163.
  
I
Samuel 14:52.

164.
  
I
Samuel 17:39.

165.
  
I
Samuel 16:18.

166.
  
Cambridge Ancient History
,
II
ii 579-80.

167.
  
II
Samuel 20:1.